geography

• A city is a defined urban area within a country
• cities have largest population sizes compared to other locations in a country.
• cities have high population density. population density is the measurement of the number of people in an area. population density is number of people living in an area divided by land area
• cities have built up areas which are defined as the presence of buildings and infrastructure.infrastructure refers to structures, systems

  and facilities serving the economy of a

  business, industry, country, city, town, or area
• cities have a range of functions or services such as Administrative Commercial Education Industrial Recreational
• rural areas have a lower population density and size compared to urban areas
• push factors which cause migrants to leave their origin are Lack of job opportunities Poor educational facilities Lack of medical attention Famine War
• pull factors which attract migrants to the city are Promise of work Better schooling and further education More hospitals and doctors Perception of exciting city life Political stability
• Rural-urban migration is the

  movement of people from

  rural areas to urban areas.
• Rural Areas have More land space

  for agricultural

  activities (e.g.

  growing of crops

  and rearing of

  animals)

  
  

  Limited land

  space in cities
• Rural Areas have Lack of amenities and facilities (e.g.hospitals),Lack of goods

  cities have a Wider range of functions available and Obtain goods

  and services Provision of goods and services
• The literacy rate is defined by

  the percentage of the

  population of a given age

  group that can read and
• Business thrives in cities due to developed

  infrastructure

  Ready pool of skilled labour

  Possibility of work-study arrangements where

  students gets training from the company
• Technological innovation → the use of

  scientific knowledge to create new

  products or services

  These innovations are designed to

  improve the quality of life of people

  living in the city
• Water pollution happens when toxic

  substances enter water bodies such as

  lakes, rivers, oceans and so on, getting

  dissolved in them, lying suspended in the

  water or depositing on the bed.

  This degrades the quality of water.
• Disaster for aquatic ecosystems

  The pollutants also seep through and

  reach the groundwater, which might

  end up in our households as

  contaminated water we use in our

  daily activities, including drinking.
• Air pollution is caused by solid and liquid

  particles and certain gases that are

  suspended in the air.

  Air pollution affects human health as well as

  the climate of an area.
• The use of private vehicles (particularly older,

  diesel models) is the major source of urban

  air pollution.
• Wood, charcoal and coal, are burned in

  inefficient stoves that release large quantities

  of health-damaging particulate matter and

  climate warming
• Factories release many toxic gases due to the

  burning of fossil fuels and the use of chemicals.

  These gases react with each other and with other

  atmospheric constituents.

  It is estimated that around 80 different toxins can be

  found in the air emitted by factories, from asbestos

  and dioxin to lead and chromium.
• With increased population, there is an increased

  energy demand.

  To fulfill that demand, fossil fuels are

  tremendously being used to generate energy as

  they are cheap and readily.

  The coal powered power plants are a major

  source of urban air pollution.
• Increase in population, will increase in

  demand for housing/facilities/services

  Cities need to expand to accommodate to the

  high demand

  This expansion will lead into rural areas

  → Result in rapid deforestation and removal

  of farmlands

  → Unhappiness among residents who are

  relocated due to the expansion
• Rapid population growth, urbanisation and

  economic development lead to growing

  pressure on water resources in urban areas.

  The demand for water is rising constantly.

  With water demand exceeding water

  supplies, water shortage has become more

  prominent in many cities.

  Water sources are being tapped and

  groundwater resources are being exploited

  in an unsustainable way.
• short term effects of air pollution is coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath and asthma

  A) effects
• long term effects of air pollution is that it can cause lung cancer, heart disease and strokes