Cell Structure

• Lysosomes break down cellular waste and foreign particles
• Nuclear Pores let small molecules and ions to freely pass in and out of the nucleus
• Nucleus contain genetic instructions for cell growth, repair and functioning
• Nucleolus is where ribosomes are made
• Ribosomes make proteins
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum process and modify proteins
• Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum makes lipids (fats)
• Golgi Body processes and packages substances into vesicles that transport them
• Chloroplast use light energy to produce glucose through photosynthesis
• Mitochondria is the powerhouse cell
• Mitochondria is the sight for cellular respiration that produces ATP
• Cell membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell
• Cell wall provides structural strength and protection
• Cytoplasm suspends organelles and other molecules
• Cytoplasm gives the cell shape and structure
• Centrioles pull chromosomes apart in cell division
• Pilli and Flagella helps cells move around and allow them to stick to surfaces
• Vacuole stores substances and maintains turgor pressure to keep shape in plants
• Vacuoles in plants are large and permanent, whilst, in Animals are small and temporary
• Cytoskeleton hold organelles and other molecules in place through a network
• Cell theory 1 - all living organisms are composed by one or more cells
• Cell theory 2 - Cells are the basic unit of life
• Cell theory 3 - All cells come from pre-existing cells (cell division)
• Cell theory 4 - all cells contain inherited information
• Eukaryotes are Multicellular and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles like;

  • Mitochondria, Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Examples of Eukaryotes are Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protist
• Examples of prokaryotes are bacteria and archaea
• Prokaryotes are unicellular and do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
• Prokaryotic cell structure includes; Cell wall, Cytoplasm, Nucleoid region, Ribosomes, Flagella, Pili, Plasmids
• Archaea is also known as extremophiles because they live in extreme environments such as hot springs or acidic lakes.
• The three domains of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota.
• Feild of View (FOV) ÷ Number of Cells (NOC)= Cell Size (CS)
• Total Magnification: Eyepiece x Objective
• Biological Drawings; use pencil, are centred, large enough to read, accurate proportions, use simple narrow lines, label with no arrowheads
• KM (x/÷) 1000 = M
• M (x/÷) 100 = CM
• CM (x/÷) 10 = MM
• MM (x/÷) 1000 = UM
• UM (x/÷) 1000 = NM