13.1.2 Role of Learning

• What are food preferences defined as?

  Specific tastes and choices
• Food preferences are highly personal and vary widely among individuals.
• Some food preferences are innate, while others are acquired through learning and experience
• What greatly shapes food preferences according to the study material?

  Cultural backgrounds
• Arrange the components of classical conditioning in the correct order:

  1️⃣ Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

  2️⃣ Unconditioned Response (UCR)

  3️⃣ Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

  4️⃣ Conditioned Response (CR)
• What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in classical conditioning?

  A natural trigger
• The conditioned response (CR) is the learned reaction to the conditioned stimulus
• What are the three main principles of operant conditioning?

  Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment
• Positive reinforcement increases the frequency of a behavior by adding a pleasant consequence.
• A child who gets a sticker for eating broccoli is an example of positive reinforcement
• What is one key aspect of food preferences that varies widely among individuals?

  Subjectivity
• What is the role of classical conditioning in shaping food preferences?

  Forming associations
• What is an unconditioned response (UCR) in classical conditioning?

  Natural reaction to UCS
• A new type of apple becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) after being paired with an enjoyable taste
• Pairing a specific type of tea with sweets can lead to enjoyment of the tea on its own.
• Which learning principle involves unpleasant consequences to decrease behavior frequency?

  Punishment
• A child getting a sticker for trying broccoli is an example of positive reinforcement
• Having to finish all spinach after refusing to eat it may lead to a strong aversion to spinach.
• What is another name for observational learning?

  Social learning
• A child eating vegetables because their parent does is an example of modeling
• Observational learning involves imitating the behavior of others, particularly those who are respected or admired.
• Observational learning is also known as social learning.
• Modeling involves imitating the behavior of others, particularly those we respect or admire.
• What role does reinforcement play in observational learning of food preferences?

  Positive outcomes increase adoption
• In observational learning, peers and cultural norms shape food preferences.
• Children are more likely to eat fruits and vegetables if they see their parents regularly consuming them.
• Culture shapes food preferences through establishing norms, traditions, and dietary patterns.
• What is an example of a cultural norm influencing food preferences?

  Italian cuisine focusing on pasta
• Social environments, such as peer groups, significantly influence food preferences.
• Food preferences reflect the specific tastes and choices individuals make regarding what foods they like to eat.
• What is a key aspect of food preferences according to the study material?

  They are highly subjective
• Steps in the classical conditioning process

  1️⃣ Unconditioned Stimulus triggers Unconditioned Response

  2️⃣ Neutral Stimulus is paired with UCS

  3️⃣ Neutral Stimulus becomes Conditioned Stimulus

  4️⃣ Conditioned Stimulus elicits Conditioned Response
• Match the component of classical conditioning with its definition:

  Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) ↔️ Naturally triggers a specific response

  Conditioned Stimulus (CS) ↔️ Initially neutral, becomes associated with UCS

  Conditioned Response (CR) ↔️ Learned reaction to CS
• Someone who enjoys sweets while drinking a specific type of tea may eventually associate the tea with pleasure.
• Operant conditioning shapes food preferences by associating behaviors with consequences.
• What is an example of positive reinforcement in operant conditioning of food preferences?

  Child gets sticker for broccoli
• Modeling in observational learning involves imitating the behavior of others, particularly those we respect.
• How does observational learning relate to classical and operant conditioning?

  Through association and consequences