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AQA A-Level Psychology
Unit 12: Schizophrenia
12.3 Biological Explanations for Schizophrenia
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Individuals with a family history of schizophrenia are more likely to develop the
disorder
Monozygotic twins have higher concordance rates for schizophrenia than
dizygotic
twins.
Monozygotic twins have a schizophrenia concordance rate of approximately
40-50%
Hyperdopaminergia in the mesolimbic pathway is associated with positive symptoms of
schizophrenia
.
Hypodopaminergia in the prefrontal cortex is associated with negative symptoms like flat
affect
Match the neuroanatomical abnormality with its effect:
Enlarged ventricles ↔️ Loss of brain tissue
Hippocampal abnormalities ↔️ Emotion regulation
Prefrontal cortex changes ↔️ Decision-making
What are neuroanatomical abnormalities associated with schizophrenia?
Changes in brain structure
Enlarged ventricles in the brain suggest a loss of brain
tissue
Changes in the prefrontal cortex affect decision-making and cognitive function in
schizophrenia
.
What type of symptoms are associated with hippocampal abnormalities in schizophrenia?
Memory and emotion regulation issues
Reduced activity or volume in the prefrontal cortex can lead to cognitive impairments and decision-making
issues
Rank the concordance rates in twin studies for schizophrenia from highest to lowest.
1️⃣ Monozygotic twins
2️⃣ Dizygotic twins
Match the dopamine variation with the brain region involved and associated symptoms.
Hyperdopaminergia ↔️ Mesolimbic pathway: Hallucinations, delusions
Hypodopaminergia ↔️ Prefrontal cortex: Flat affect, social withdrawal
Lower levels of glutamate in the prefrontal cortex can cause cognitive deficits in
schizophrenia
.
What type of symptoms are associated with serotonin imbalances in schizophrenia?
Mood and anxiety issues
Neurotransmitter imbalances in schizophrenia interact with genetic factors and neuroanatomical
abnormalities
What are neuroanatomical abnormalities associated with schizophrenia?
Changes in brain structure
Enlarged ventricles in the brain suggest a loss of brain
tissue
Hippocampal abnormalities in
schizophrenia
affect memory and emotion regulation.
What cognitive functions are affected by prefrontal cortex changes in schizophrenia?
Decision-making and cognition
Enlarged ventricles in the brain are associated with a loss of brain
tissue
Hippocampal
abnormalities
can lead to issues with memory and emotion regulation.
How do changes in the prefrontal cortex affect individuals with schizophrenia?
Impair cognitive function
Match the brain region with its associated abnormality and effect:
Ventricles ↔️ Enlarged | Loss of brain tissue
Hippocampus ↔️ Abnormal structure | Memory, emotion regulation issues
Prefrontal cortex ↔️ Reduced activity | Cognitive impairments
Enlarged ventricles in
schizophrenia
may correlate with the severity of symptoms.
What other biological factors are related to neuroanatomical abnormalities in schizophrenia?
Genetic factors and dopamine hypothesis
Neurodevelopmental abnormalities in schizophrenia occur during prenatal and early
postnatal
Order the key concepts related to neurodevelopmental abnormalities in schizophrenia:
1️⃣ Brain Development
2️⃣ Neuronal Migration
3️⃣ Genetic Factors
4️⃣ Environmental Factors
Disruptions in brain development can lead to abnormal neural networks in
schizophrenia
.
What role do genetic factors play in neurodevelopmental abnormalities?
Increase risk of abnormalities
Prenatal exposure to the influenza virus can disrupt neuronal
migration
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