12.3 Biological Explanations for Schizophrenia

    Cards (31)

    • Individuals with a family history of schizophrenia are more likely to develop the disorder
    • Monozygotic twins have higher concordance rates for schizophrenia than dizygotic twins.
    • Monozygotic twins have a schizophrenia concordance rate of approximately 40-50%
    • Hyperdopaminergia in the mesolimbic pathway is associated with positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
    • Hypodopaminergia in the prefrontal cortex is associated with negative symptoms like flat affect
    • Match the neuroanatomical abnormality with its effect:
      Enlarged ventricles ↔️ Loss of brain tissue
      Hippocampal abnormalities ↔️ Emotion regulation
      Prefrontal cortex changes ↔️ Decision-making
    • What are neuroanatomical abnormalities associated with schizophrenia?
      Changes in brain structure
    • Enlarged ventricles in the brain suggest a loss of brain tissue
    • Changes in the prefrontal cortex affect decision-making and cognitive function in schizophrenia.
    • What type of symptoms are associated with hippocampal abnormalities in schizophrenia?
      Memory and emotion regulation issues
    • Reduced activity or volume in the prefrontal cortex can lead to cognitive impairments and decision-making issues
    • Rank the concordance rates in twin studies for schizophrenia from highest to lowest.
      1️⃣ Monozygotic twins
      2️⃣ Dizygotic twins
    • Match the dopamine variation with the brain region involved and associated symptoms.
      Hyperdopaminergia ↔️ Mesolimbic pathway: Hallucinations, delusions
      Hypodopaminergia ↔️ Prefrontal cortex: Flat affect, social withdrawal
    • Lower levels of glutamate in the prefrontal cortex can cause cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.
    • What type of symptoms are associated with serotonin imbalances in schizophrenia?
      Mood and anxiety issues
    • Neurotransmitter imbalances in schizophrenia interact with genetic factors and neuroanatomical abnormalities
    • What are neuroanatomical abnormalities associated with schizophrenia?
      Changes in brain structure
    • Enlarged ventricles in the brain suggest a loss of brain tissue
    • Hippocampal abnormalities in schizophrenia affect memory and emotion regulation.
    • What cognitive functions are affected by prefrontal cortex changes in schizophrenia?
      Decision-making and cognition
    • Enlarged ventricles in the brain are associated with a loss of brain tissue
    • Hippocampal abnormalities can lead to issues with memory and emotion regulation.
    • How do changes in the prefrontal cortex affect individuals with schizophrenia?
      Impair cognitive function
    • Match the brain region with its associated abnormality and effect:
      Ventricles ↔️ Enlarged | Loss of brain tissue
      Hippocampus ↔️ Abnormal structure | Memory, emotion regulation issues
      Prefrontal cortex ↔️ Reduced activity | Cognitive impairments
    • Enlarged ventricles in schizophrenia may correlate with the severity of symptoms.
    • What other biological factors are related to neuroanatomical abnormalities in schizophrenia?
      Genetic factors and dopamine hypothesis
    • Neurodevelopmental abnormalities in schizophrenia occur during prenatal and early postnatal
    • Order the key concepts related to neurodevelopmental abnormalities in schizophrenia:
      1️⃣ Brain Development
      2️⃣ Neuronal Migration
      3️⃣ Genetic Factors
      4️⃣ Environmental Factors
    • Disruptions in brain development can lead to abnormal neural networks in schizophrenia.
    • What role do genetic factors play in neurodevelopmental abnormalities?
      Increase risk of abnormalities
    • Prenatal exposure to the influenza virus can disrupt neuronal migration
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