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7. Research Methods
7.1 Experimental Method
7.1.4 Types of Experiment
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What is the experimental method used to establish?
Cause-and-effect relationships
The independent variable (IV) is the factor manipulated by the researcher to influence the
outcome
Extraneous variables must be minimized to ensure
accurate
conclusions.
What is the independent variable (IV) in an experiment?
The manipulated factor
Controlled variables are conditions kept consistent across experimental groups to eliminate their
influence
Order the steps involved in testing the effect of caffeine on reaction time.
1️⃣ Caffeine levels are manipulated
2️⃣ Reaction time is measured
3️⃣ Temperature and lighting are controlled
4️⃣ Extraneous variables are managed
The dependent variable (DV) is manipulated by the researcher to determine its effect on the IV.
False
What are the three main types of experiments?
Lab, Field, Natural
Lab experiments have high control over variables but low
ecological
validity.
Field experiments have higher ecological validity than
lab experiments
.
Why do natural experiments lack direct control over the independent variable?
It changes naturally
Match the feature of a lab experiment with its description.
Controlled Setting ↔️ Conditions are standardized
Manipulation of IV ↔️ Researchers intentionally change the IV
Measurement of DV ↔️ Assess the outcome of the IV manipulation
Controlled Conditions ↔️ Strict protocols ensure consistency
Controlled conditions in lab experiments minimize the influence of
extraneous variables
.
What is a weakness of lab experiments in terms of ecological validity?
Artificial settings may not reflect real-world scenarios
Demand characteristics occur when participants alter their behavior knowing they are being
observed
.
Why may the results of lab experiments not apply to broader populations?
Generalizability issues
What is a key feature of field experiments in terms of ecological validity?
Realistic context
Natural experiments allow researchers to study situations that cannot be ethically
manipulated
.
Laboratory experiments are conducted in a
controlled
In laboratory experiments, researchers intentionally change the
IV
Controlled conditions in laboratory experiments minimize the influence of
extraneous variables
.
A key strength of laboratory experiments is high
control
A weakness of laboratory experiments is low ecological
validity
Participants in laboratory experiments may alter their
behavior
if they know they are observed.
Match the feature with its description in a field experiment:
Setting ↔️ Natural, real-world environment
IV Manipulation ↔️ Researcher manipulates the IV
DV Measurement ↔️ Outcome is measured in the natural setting
Field experiments offer high ecological validity but less control over variables compared to
laboratory experiments
.
Order the features of laboratory and field experiments from most to least control:
1️⃣ Controlled environment (Lab)
2️⃣ Standardized procedures (Lab)
3️⃣ IV manipulation (Lab & Field)
4️⃣ DV measurement (Lab & Field)
5️⃣ Natural setting (Field)
What is the primary feature of field experiments in terms of their setting?
Natural settings
Field experiments are conducted in natural
settings
In field experiments, researchers manipulate the
independent variable
.
What is the main advantage of field experiments over lab experiments?
High ecological validity
Lab experiments use a controlled and
artificial
setting.
Field experiments offer higher control over variables compared to lab experiments.
False
Field experiments have high
ecological
validity.
What is the key difference between natural experiments and other types of experiments?
No direct IV manipulation
In natural experiments, the independent variable changes
naturally
.
Natural experiments
can study situations that are unethical to manipulate directly.
What is a major weakness of natural experiments?
Lack of control
Lab experiments have high control but low ecological
validity
.
Replicability is a strength of
lab
experiments.
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