2.5.1 Misleading Information

    Cards (57)

    • What does the term Eyewitness Testimony (EWT) refer to?
      Statements by eyewitnesses
    • Misleading information can distort a person's memory
    • Leading questions suggest a particular answer, which can influence recall.
    • In Loftus and Palmer's (1974) study, which verb resulted in the highest estimated speed for the cars involved in the accident?
      Smashed
    • Arrange the verbs used in Loftus and Palmer's (1974) study by their corresponding estimated speeds from highest to lowest.
      1️⃣ Smashed (40.8 mph)
      2️⃣ Collided (39.3 mph)
      3️⃣ Bumped (38.1 mph)
      4️⃣ Hit (34.0 mph)
      5️⃣ Contacted (31.8 mph)
    • Match the type of misleading information with its effect:
      Post-Event Discussion (PED) ↔️ Blending of multiple memories
      Leading Questions ↔️ Alteration of individual memory
    • What did Gabbert et al. (2003) find about post-event discussion?
      Witnesses reported seeing partner's details
    • Leading questions can significantly distort memory recall, affecting legal proceedings.
    • Eyewitness Testimony (EWT) is a crucial form of evidence in criminal trials.
    • What are the two main types of misleading information that can affect memory?
      Leading questions and PED
    • The verb "smashed" in Loftus and Palmer's (1974) study led to higher speed estimates compared to "contacted."
    • Leading questions are structured to suggest a specific answer which can distort memory.
    • Match the type of question with its impact on recall:
      Leading Question ↔️ Implies information, influences agreement
      Neutral Question ↔️ Allows free recall, unbiased answer
    • In Loftus and Palmer's (1974) study, which verb led to the highest estimated speed for the cars involved in a crash?
      Smashed
    • A leading question implies information that was not actually observed
    • What type of question does not imply the existence of a red car?
      Neutral
    • Describe the process of post-event discussion (PED).
      1️⃣ Witnesses discuss an event
      2️⃣ Incorporation of others' details
      3️⃣ Blending of memories
      4️⃣ Distortion of individual recollections
    • The effect of PED is the blending of memories
    • Which study demonstrated the impact of post-event discussion on memory accuracy?
      Gabbert et al. (2003)
    • Post-event discussion can lead to witnesses reporting items that were only present in their partner's version of the event.
    • What is a leading question designed to do?
      Suggest a particular answer
    • Leading questions can influence a respondent's recall of events.
    • Using the verb bumped led to an estimated speed of 38.1
    • Order the verbs from Loftus and Palmer's (1974) study based on the estimated speed they produced, from highest to lowest.
      1️⃣ Smashed
      2️⃣ Collided
      3️⃣ Bumped
      4️⃣ Hit
      5️⃣ Contacted
    • Which verb in Loftus and Palmer's (1974) study led to the highest speed estimate?
      Smashed
    • Using the verb "contacted" in Loftus and Palmer's (1974) study resulted in higher speed estimates compared to "smashed".
      False
    • The classic study illustrating the effects of leading questions was conducted by Loftus and Palmer in 1974
    • What is the difference between asking "Did you see the red car?" and "Did you see a red car?"
      "The" implies a red car existed
    • Match the concept with its effect on memory:
      Post-event Discussion ↔️ Blending of memories
      Leading Questions ↔️ Alteration of individual memory
    • What did Gabbert et al. (2003) find regarding post-event discussion?
      Witnesses incorporated others' details
    • Misleading information can distort memory after an event through two primary mechanisms
    • Eyewitness Testimony (EWT) is a legal term referring to statements by witnesses about crimes they observed.
    • What are the two main types of misleading information?
      Leading questions and PED
    • Loftus and Palmer's study showed that using the verb smashed led to higher speed estimates compared to contacted, illustrating the effect of leading
    • What is the key finding of Gabbert et al.'s (2003) study on post-event discussion?
      Shared videos led to false reports
    • Match the concept with its defining feature:
      Post-event Discussion ↔️ Collaboration between witnesses
      Leading Questions ↔️ Suggestive phrasing in questioning
    • Gabbert et al. (2003) found that discussing a video increased memory accuracy among witnesses.
      False
    • Which study is most associated with research on leading questions and verb choice?
      Loftus and Palmer (1974)
    • Participants in Loftus and Palmer's (1974) study estimated an average speed of 40.8 mph when the verb smashed
    • Order the effects of misleading information on EWT from the process to the outcome.
      1️⃣ Misleading information introduced
      2️⃣ Memory distortion occurs
      3️⃣ Accuracy of EWT decreases