1.2 - Description, Appendages

• this is the center of a hollow organ or structure?

  internal or inner
• external or outer - away from the center of a hollow organ or structure
• superficial - near the surface of the body or solid organ
• deep - near the center of the body or organ
• proximal - near the main mass or origin, the attached end
• distal - away from the origin, the free end
• what part of the body can we only use distal and proximal?

  limbs
• palmar is the surface that contacts the ground in the forepaw
• plantar is the surface that contacts the ground in the hindpaw
• flexion is a movement of bones where the angle formed at their joints is decreased
• axis is the central line of the body or organs
• axial surface faces the axis
• abaxial surface faces away from the axis
• extension is a movement where the angle at their joints increased
• overextension / hyperextension / dorsal flexion is the extension beyond 180 degress
• abduction is a movement of one body part away from the median plane
• adduction is a movement of a body part towards the median plane
• trochanter can also be seen or used in describing?

  femur
• trochanter is a specific term for the bony outgrown of the femur
• both tubercle and tuberosity has a function for?

  muscle attachment
• tuberosity - a bony protrusion and can be seen as a protruding surface
• tubercle - a rounded eminence
• crest - sharp ridge
• line - a very small ridge
• what is the other term for spine?

  spinous process
• trochanter can be pointed prominence while tubercle is rounded
• glenoid cavity - a shallow articular depression
• head - a rounded articular enlargement at the end of a bone
• condyle - an articular eminence that is somehow cylindrical
• epicondyle - non articular projection that is connected with condyle proximally
• trochlea - a pulley-like articular mass
• acetabulum / cotyloid cavity - a deep articular depression
• fossa - a small hollow structure in skull
• fovea - shallow, non articular depression
• foramen - an opening through a bone where vessels and nerves pass
• groove - long, narrow furrow accommodating a vessel, nerve, or tendon
• sinus - an air cavity within bones, lined with mucous membrane and communicates with exterior
• canal - a tunnel through bones
• notch - a depression at the edge of a bone