Magic import

• What are the two types of organisms based on cell structure?

  Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
• What are the similarities and differences between plant and animal cells?

  Similarities:

  • Both have cell membranes
  • Both contain organelles like mitochondria

  
  

  Differences:

  • Plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts
  • Animal cells do not have a cell wall
• What is the function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

  They are involved in photosynthesis
• How do bacterial cells differ from eukaryotic cells?

  Bacterial cells lack a true nucleus
• What do bacterial cells contain instead of a true nucleus?

  A single circular strand of DNA
• What are plasmids in bacterial cells?

  Small rings of DNA
• How do you estimate the area of a subcellular structure in an exam?

  • Treat it as a simple shape
  • Use area formula: area = length × width
• How many cells will a single bacterial cell produce after 2.5 hours?

  32 cells
• What are the steps of binary fission in prokaryotic cells?

  1. DNA duplicates and cell grows
  2. Duplicated chromosome attaches to membrane
  3. Cell elongates
  4. Membrane pinches off, forming two cells
• What precautions should be taken when culturing microorganisms?

  • Sterilise petri dishes and culture medium
  • Use sterilised wire loops for transfer
  • Store dishes upside down to prevent contamination
• What is the purpose of active transport in the gut?

  To absorb nutrients against the concentration gradient
• How do villi aid in nutrient absorption?

  • Increase surface area for absorption
  • Have a good blood supply for quick absorption
• What is the role of alveoli in gas exchange?

  They provide a large surface area for diffusion
• How does coeliac disease affect nutrient absorption?

  It damages the villi, reducing absorption
• What are the differences between diffusion and active transport?

  Diffusion:

  • Passive process
  • Moves substances down a concentration gradient

  
  

  Active Transport:

  • Requires energy
  • Moves substances against a concentration gradient
• Why is it important to keep units consistent in calculations?

  To ensure accurate results
• What are the characteristics of specialized cells like muscle cells?

  • Adapted for contraction
  • Have a high number of mitochondria for energy
• What is the significance of sterilization in culturing microorganisms?

  • Prevents contamination
  • Ensures accurate results in experiments
• What is the effect of antibiotics on bacterial growth?

  They inhibit or kill bacteria