Rsrch qrtr 3

• Research Designs in Quantitative Method

  • The number of contacts with study population
  • The reference period of the study
  • The nature of investigation
• Research Design based on the Number of Contacts

  • Cross-sectional Study
  • Pre-Test/Post-Test
  • Longitudinal Study
• The Reference period

  • Retrospective Study
  • Prospective Study
  • Retrospective-prospective Study
• Research Based on Nature of Investigation

  • Experimental Design
  • Non-Experimental Design
  • Semi-Experimental/ Quasi-Experimental Design
• Functions of Research Design

  • Identifying the population of the study
  • Decision: Whole population vs selected sample
  • Sampling Technique
  • Ethical Consideration
  • Data Collection Procedure
• Cross-Sectional Studies

  • Aims to find the prevalence of a phenomenon, problems, issues, situations or attitudes by selecting a cross-section of a population
• Pre-Test/ Post-Test Design

  • Measure change in a situation or problem
  • Change is measured by comparing the difference in a variable before and after
  • Can be described as two-sets cross sectional data
• Retrospective

  • Investigates problems/issues that happened in the past
  • Recall or recollection
• Prospective

  • Establish the outcome of an event or what is us likely to happen
  • Foreseeing
• Retrospective-Prospective

  • Data are analyzed and used as basis of future projections
  • Trend Studies
• Longitudinal study design

  • series as repetitive cross-sectional studies
  • The population is visited several times at regular interval
• Experimental Design

  • Used to determine Cause-and-Effect relationship
  • Researcher introduces the intervention that is assumed to be the cause of change and waits until it has produced changes
• Non-Experimental Design

  • observes a phenomenon and tries to establish the outcome
  • Determination of Causation
• Semi-Experimental/ Quasi-Experimental Design

  • Half/half
  • A: with intervention
  • B: without Intervention
  • C: control
• Research Method

  • Philosophical, theoretical, conceptual and analytic perspective of Research
  • Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed
• Research Design

  • Plan, structure, strategy of investigation to obtain answers to research question/problem
  • Complete scheme/program of the research (Kerlinger in Kumar, 2011)
• Sampling

  • Kerling in Kumar, 2011.
  • The process of selecting sample from the population to become the basis for examining or predicting
• Sample

  • smaller part of the whole; subset of the entire population
  • Representative of a population in the study
• Population

  • complete set of elements that possesses a parameter between them
• 3 Major Sampling

  • Probability
  • Non-Probability
  • Mixed
• Experimental Design

  • CRD (Completely Randomized Design)
  • RCBD (Randomized Complete Block Design)
  • LSD (Latin Square Design)
• Probability

  • Simple Random
  • Stratified
  • Systematic
  • Cluster
• Non-Probability

  • Availability
  • Purposive
  • Respondent-Assisted
  • Quota
• Mixed

  • Telephone
  • Internet
  • Address
  • Time
  • Space
• Parts of the Triple Beam Balance

  • Pan
  • Beams (Front beam: 10g Middle Beam: 500g Back Beam: 100g)
  • Riders/Counter masses/ Weight Poises
  • Notch
  • Zero Adjustment Knob
• Simple Random Sampling

  • each element in the population has an equal and independent chance of selection
  • choice of one element isn't dependent upon the choice of another element
• Stratified

  • Population is separated into mutually, exclusive, homogenous segments (strata) and then simple random sampling is implemented to each segment (Stratum)
• Systematic Sampling


  Random selection is made of them irst element for the sample, then subsequent elements are selected using a fixed intervals
• Cluster Sampling


  Elements of the population are randomly selected in naturally occurring groupings
• Purposive Sampling


  elements are selected from the population based on their fit with the purposes of the study and specific inclusion and exclusion