Iska

• Science:

  • Comes from the Latin word “Scientia” meaning having knowledge and the state of knowing
  • Broad field encompassing ideas, theories, systematic explanations, and observations about the natural and physical world
  • Interwoven with society since the genesis of time
  • Defined as an idea, intellectual activity, body of knowledge, and personal/social activity
• Technology:

  • Comes from the Greek words techne and logia
  • Application of knowledge gained from the studies of various branches of science
  • Product of science
• Society:

  • Defined as a large group of people living together in an organized way
  • Making decisions and sharing work
  • Influences the direction and emphasis of scientific development
• Hypothesis:

  • An “if-then” statement or educated guess based on observation
  • Tested, accepted, or rejected as a result of data analysis
• Theory:

  • Accumulated evidence over time through reproducible experiments
  • Example: Theory of Evolution
• Paradigm:

  • Framework containing commonly accepted views about a subject
  • Conventions on research direction and performance
  • Can undergo a paradigm shift
• Science, Technology, and Society Relationship:

  • Technology is the application of scientific knowledge for specific goals
  • Science seeks to improve society while society demands more from science
  • Science provides information to technology, and technology demands more from science
  • Technology makes life easier in society, and society benefits from technology
• History of Science, Technology, and Society:

  • Ancient Times:
  • Homo Habilis made sharp cutting edges from stone
  • Homo Neanderthals used tools and weapons
  • Invention of the wheel around 4500 BC
  • Middle Ages:
  • Invention of the Printing Press by Johannes Gutenberg
  • Development of the Microscope and Telescope
  • Modern Ages:
  • Development of Steam Power by James Watt
  • Invention of the Electric Light by Thomas Edison
  • Creation of the Telephone by Alexander Graham Bell
  • Introduction of the Motor Car by Karl Benz
  • Advancements in Radio Wave Technology by Guglielmo Marconi
• • Wright brothers' successful aeroplane flight
  • Progress in Rockets and Space Flights by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky and Robert Goddard
• History of Science, Technology, and Society in the Philippines:

  • Pre-Spanish Era:
  • Filipinos had knowledge of medicinal properties of plants
  • Developed an alphabet (Baybayin or Alibata), number system, weighing and measuring system, and a calendar
  • Used technology in building houses, irrigation, tools for everyday life, and transportation
  • Constructed the Banaue Rice Terraces
• Mathematics is not just about numbers and operations, it goes beyond arithmetic
• Mathematics involves reasoning, making logical inferences, generalizations, and seeing relationships in visible and invisible patterns in the natural world
• Mathematics is a study of patterns, language, process of thinking, and art of problem solving
• Mathematics is an expression of the human mind reflecting logical and intuition, analysis and construction, generally and individuality
• Mathematics can be seen in nature, daily routines, work, people and communities, and events
• Mathematics helps unravel the puzzles of nature, organize patterns, predict, control weather and epidemics, provide tools for calculations, and generate new questions to think about
• Mathematics involves numbers, symbols, notations, operations, equations, functions, and the "thingification" of processes
• Mathematics is used by mathematicians, scientists, and practically everyone for different purposes using different tools and attitudes
• Mathematics puts order in our lives, helps us become better persons, and contributes to making the world a better place to live in
• Mathematics involves patterns, numbers, logic, and word patterns
• Logic patterns deal with characteristics of objects, order, and sequences, common in aptitude tests
• Number patterns help in making predictions and understanding functions in mathematics
• Recognizing number patterns helps in developing problem-solving skills
• Patterns in nature include symmetries, trees, spirals, meanders, waves, foams, tessellations, cracks, and stripes
• Visual patterns in nature are often unpredictable, contain fractals, and can be seen from seeds to branches and leaves
• Flow patterns are found in liquids, stones, and growth of trees, including meandering rivers
• Movement patterns exist in human walk, horse walk, insects, birds, jellyfish, fish, worms, and snakes
• Rhythm patterns are basic in nature, seen in heartbeats, breathing, and other natural rhythms
• Texture patterns are qualities sensed through touch, such as bristly, rough, smooth, cold, and hard textures
• Geometric patterns consist of repeated shapes visible in cacti and succulents in the natural world
• Patterns found in nature include waves, dunes, spots, stripes, and spirals
• Spiral patterns exist on various scales, from the cosmos to microscopic animals on Earth
• The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy with a band of bright stars emerging from the center
• Spiral patterns are common in plants like pinecones, pineapples, and sunflowers
• Animals like ram and kudu also have spiral patterns on their horns
• Symmetry plays a vital role in pattern formation
• Reflection symmetry captures symmetries when the left half of a pattern is the same as the right half
• Rotational symmetry captures symmetries when an object looks the same after some rotation
• Translations acquire symmetries when units are repeated and have identical figures
• Human body exhibits bilateral symmetry and can be divided into two identical halves