control and coordination

    Cards (64)

      • stimuli are detected by a group of cells called receptors.
      • plants do not have a nervous system because they respond to stimuli by the action of hormones.
    • the cerebellum coordinates muscle movement and balance
    • the cerebrum controls voluntary movements and conscious thought
    • the spinal cord carries messages between the central nervous system (CNS) and other parts of the body
    • the brain stem is responsible for controlling breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, digestion, sleep, wakefulness, alertness, consciousness, posture, and bladder function.
    • The spinal cord contains nerve fibers that carry messages between the central nervous system (CNS) and other parts of the body.
    • reflexes are rapid responses that occur without thinking or conscious awareness
    • the brain is divided into three main regions, the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
    • the medulla oblongata regulates heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, swallowing, sneezing, coughing, vomiting, hiccupping, and digestion
    • the pons connects the cerebellum with the rest of the CNS
    • The spinal cord also plays a role in reflexes, which are rapid responses to stimuli without conscious thought or involvement from higher brain centers.
    • The medulla oblongata regulates automatic functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure.
    • The pons connects different areas of the brain and helps regulate sleep patterns.
    • The midbrain processes sensory information from the eyes and ears.
    • The spinal cord also has reflex arcs which allow for quick responses without involving higher brain centers.
    • a reflex arc consists of sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons
    • the autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary actions such as heartbeat, breathing, and digestion
    • interneurons connect sensory neurons to motor neurons within the CNS
    • the forebrain includes the cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, and limbic system
    • the pons controls respiration, chewing, facial expressions, sleeping, waking up, and eye movements
    • the hindbrain consists of the medulla oblongata and the pons
    • the midbrain connects the pons to the medulla oblongata
    • the cerebellum coordinates voluntary muscle movement, balance, posture, and speech
    • the thalamus relays sensory information to the cortex and helps regulate sleep-wake cycles
    • the hypothalamus controls homeostasis by monitoring internal conditions such as temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, and emotional states
    • Reflex arcs involve sensory receptors detecting changes in the environment, sending signals through afferent nerves to the spinal cord, where they synapse on interneurons, then travel along efferent nerves to effector organs such as muscles or glands.
    • The spinal cord has two major functions: relaying information between the brain and peripheral nerves and controlling automatic movements like walking and breathing.
    • The spinal cord transmits information between the brain and other parts of the body through nerve impulses.
    • Motor neurons transmit signals from the brain to effectors (muscles and glands) to produce movement or secretions.
    • The hindbrain consists of three structures: the medulla oblongata, pons, and cerebellum.
    • The medulla oblongata is responsible for controlling vital body functions like breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.
    • Sensory receptors detect changes in the environment and send electrical messages through sensory neurons to the CNS.
    • a growth response that results in movement of a plant towards or away from the plant is called tropism
    • the movement of plants in response to external stimuli in which the direction of response is not based on the direction of stimuli is called nastic movements
    • nastic movements in short are the non directional movements of a plant part in response to stimuli
    • plant hormones are chemical which help regulate their growth or retard the rate/speed of growth
    • plant hormones are also known as plant growth regulators
    • there are 5 types of plant hormones: auxins, gibberellins, cyotinins, abscisic acid, ethylene.
      • auxins help in plant cell elongation, shoot and bud growth, rooting.
      • they increase the speed of growth in shoots but inhibits growth in roots.
      • it is synthesized at the shoot and root tips.
      • synthesized auxins are used in agriculture and horticulture.
      • gibberellins promotes cell enlargement in the presence of auxins
      • promotes stem elongation and cell division
      • it stimulates seed germination by breaking seed dormancy