English language theorists

• social groups can be divided into-

  instrumental, influential
• what does Penelope Eckert say about slang?

  Slang is used to establish a connection to youth culture and to set themselves off from the older generation, to signal coolness toughness or attitude"
• Goffman (1955)


  proposed the face theory
• What is face?

  A person's self-esteem and emotional needs.
• what is face threatening act?


  A communicative act that threatens face.
• Positive face:


  the need to feel wanted, liked and appreciated.
• Negative face?

  The need to have freedom of thought and action and not feel imposed on.
• who came up with the concept of elaborated and restricted codes?


  Bernstein
• Stenstrom states that there are many features that make-up teen speak. A few of these include:

  Slang. Conversational overlapping. Shortening of words. Taboo and expletives.
• Who said that teenager have a freedom which allow them to rebel against norms 


  De clerk by using taboo
• The way that some old people do not know terms such as lol shows

  Lang change hasn't fully spread