Electrons

Cards (33)

What is the Electron Cloud Model used to describe?
Where electrons are around the nucleus
How does the Electron Cloud Model visualize electrons?
As a cloud around the nucleus
What does the Electron Cloud Model help us understand about electrons?
They are outside the nucleus
What do Energy Levels and Shells refer to?
Regions where electrons are likely found
How are energy levels arranged around the nucleus?
In layers like shells
How many electrons can the first shell hold?
Up to 2 electrons
How many electrons can the second shell hold?
Up to 8 electrons
How many electrons can the third shell hold?
Up to 18 electrons
What is the relationship between energy levels and shells?
Energy levels are regions around the nucleus
Shells are layers corresponding to energy levels
Electrons fill shells from lowest to highest energy
What are sublevels and orbitals?
Subdivisions within energy levels or shells
What is the shape and number of orbitals for the s sublevel?
Spherical shape with 1 orbital
What is the shape and number of orbitals for the p sublevel?
Dumbbell shape with 3 orbitals
What is the shape and number of orbitals for the d sublevel?
Complex shape with 5 orbitals
What is the shape and number of orbitals for the f sublevel?
More complex shape with 7 orbitals
How many electrons can each orbital hold?
Up to 2 electrons
What are quantum numbers and their significance?
Four quantum numbers describe each electron:
n: Energy level (1, 2, 3...)
l: Sublevel (s=0, p=1, d=2...)
ml: Orbital (-l to +l)
ms: Spin (+½ or -½)
What does electron configuration show?
How electrons are arranged in an atom
What is the first rule for filling electron configurations?
Fill lowest energy levels first
What does Hund's rule state?
Electrons pair up only when orbitals are singly occupied
How does Hund's rule affect electron placement?
Electrons fill equal-energy orbitals singly first
Unpaired electrons are favored
This arrangement increases stability
How do electrons behave in relation to the nucleus?
They are found in orbitals, not orbits
What is an orbital?
A region where an electron is likely found
What does probability density refer to?
Likelihood of finding an electron at a point
How do orbitals and probability density relate?
Orbitals are regions for electron location
Probability density indicates likelihood of finding electrons
High probability density means higher likelihood of finding an electron
What are chemical bonds formed from?
Sharing or transferring electrons
What are the main types of chemical bonds?
Covalent: Electrons shared between atoms
Ionic: Electrons transferred between atoms
Metallic: Electrons delocalized among atoms
How do covalent bonds form?
Atoms share electrons to create stability
How do ionic bonds form?
One atom donates electrons to another
How do metallic bonds behave?
Electrons are freely shared among atoms
What is Hund's rule?
The lowest energy configuration for an atom is the one having the maximum number of unpaired electrons within the same energy sublevel.
Why is it energetically more favorable to have electrons in the same lower sublevel rather than separating them by placing one in a higher energy level?
It is energetically more favorable to have the electrons in the same lower sublevel rather than separating them by placing one in a higher energy level because it maintains the maximum number of unpaired electrons.
What is the correct electron configuration according to Hund's rule?
Two electrons in the same sublevel must be separate.
Do not place electrons in one orbital if there is an empty orbital of the same energy.
How should electrons be placed in the 3s and 3p sublevels according to Hund's rule?
Place electrons in the 3s sublevel first, then in the 3p sublevel.
Maximize the number of unpaired electrons within the 3s and 3p sublevels.
Do not place electrons in the 3s sublevel if there is an empty 3p sublevel.