Milgram a03

• According to Milgram's analysis, what features of the experiment contributed to the elevated levels of obedience observed?


  a) The presence of prestigious university grounds b) Participants feeling obligated due to voluntary commitment c) Assumption of the learner's voluntary participation d) Monetary compensation increasing the sense of obligation e) Perceived fairness in role assignment by chance f) Reassurance regarding the safety of shocks g) Continued response of the learner up to 300 volts h) Limited time for participant reflection
• What adverse physical reactions were observed in three participants during Milgram's study?

  Three participants experienced 'full-blown uncontrollable seizures.' One participant had such a violent convulsion that the research session had to be stopped
• What behavior was exhibited by 14 participants in Milgram's study, and how did they explain it in the post-experimental interview?

  Fourteen participants displayed 'nervous laughter and smiling.' In the post-experimental interview, they explained that they were not sadistic and that their laughter did not indicate enjoyment of shocking the learner
• What were some common signs of extreme tension observed in participants during Milgram's study?


  Participants displayed signs of extreme tension, including sweating, trembling, stuttering, lip-biting, groaning, and digging their fingernails into their flesh
• How did the actual study findings compare to the initial estimate regarding the administration of 450 volts in Milgram's study?

  The findings showed a significant difference. A large majority, 65% of participants, administered the full 450 volts, whereas the initial estimate was 0-3%
• At what voltage did a notable percentage of participants (12.5%) refuse to continue in Milgram's study?


  At 300 volts, five (12.5%) participants refused to continue, marking the point of the learner's only protest
• What percentage of participants in Milgram's study administered the full 450 volts?

  65% of participants (26 out of 40) administered the full 450 volts
• What does the fact that 35% of participants defied the experimenter's authority imply in Milgram's study?

  It implies that 35% of participants did not administer the full 450 volts, defying the experimenter's authority
• What standard sequence of 'prods' was the experimenter trained to give if the teacher hesitated about delivering the shock in Milgram's study?

  The sequence of standard prods was: 'Please continue'; 'The experiment requires that you continue'; 'It is absolutely essential that you continue'; 'You have no other choice, you must go on
• Describe the shock generator used in Milgram's study

  The shock generator had 30 switches, incrementally increasing voltage from 15 to 450 volts. Every four switches had labels like 'slight shock' (15 volts) to 'intense shock' (255 volts), with 'XXX' at 450 volts, representing a potentially fatal shock.
• What were the occupations of participants in Milgram's study?

  Occupations included postal clerks, high school teachers, salesmen, and laborers
• How was the sample selected in Milgram's study?

  Self-selected sample of 40 males aged 20-50 from New Haven and surrounding communities, obtained through advertising and direct mail for a study on 'memory and learning' at Yale University
• Describe the design of Milgram's study

  Dependent variable: the maximum shock administered by the participant (0 to 450 volts). No independent variable as it's a controlled observation.
• What research method did Milgram use in his study?

  Controlled observation
• What was the aim of Milgram's study?

  To investigate the extent to which people would administer electric shocks to a learner when instructed by an authority figure
• Who greeted participants in Milgram's study, and what was his role?

  Participants were greeted by the 'experimenter,' a 31-year-old man in a technician's coat, who was actually a confederate of Milgram
• Where did Milgram conduct his obedience study?

  Yale University
• What was the payment arrangement for participants in Milgram's study?

  Participants were paid $4.50 for participating, regardless of whether they remained in the study; the payment was not contingent on study completion
• How did Milgram recruit participants for his study on obedience?

  Milgram placed an advertisement in a New Haven newspaper, selecting 40 males aged 20-50, with various jobs and education levels