Anaphy lab 6

• Axial is the vertical axis of the body. It consists of the skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.
• The appendicular skeleton includes bones that are attached to or project from the trunk (axial) such as the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, upper limbs, lower limbs, and their associated joints.
• Long bones are longer than they are broad. These are arm, forearm, fingers, thigh, and leg.
• Short bones are more or less equal in all dimensions. Example are wrist and ankle bones.
• Flat bones are thin and flat with two parallel surfaces separated by cancellous tissue. Examples include scapulae, sternum, and cranium.
• Irregular bones have no definite shape. They can be found at the base of the skull, spine, and hip.
• Hydroxyapatite, a complex salt consisting of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
• General anatomy of a long bone called epiphyses, and shaft bone called diaphysis.
• Epiphyseal plate increases in thickness by division of the chondrocytes.
• Spongy bone is made up of trabeculae, thin rods or plates of bone that run in same direction as stress applied to the bone.
• innermost section of bone is hollow and called the marrow (medullary cavity). It has two types, a hemopoietic (red marrow) or adipose-containing (yellow marrow).
• In cranial bone, the spongy bone is called diploe
• Nutrient foramen are small holes that allow for the passage of blood vessel and nerves into and out of the bone.
• Nutrient foramina lead to perforating (Volkmann) canals that pass through compact bones.
• Periosteum are the outer surface of the bone is covered with a dense connective tissue shealth.
• Ossification is the process where cartilage is replaced by bone.
• Tendons attach muscles to bone at the periosteum. It Connect muscles to bones.
• Ligaments are parallel straps of dense regular connective tissue that connect bones to other bones or to the cartilage.
• Endosteum are the inner layer of bone that covers the inner surface of the bone.
• Osteons are functional units of compact bone.
• Each osteon has a middle called a central, or haversian, canal, which houses blood vessel and nerve in the dense bone tissue.
• Lucanae are dark spots that can be found in central canal.
• Lamellae are layers of hydroxyapatites that are form concentric rings between the lacunae.
• Three main types of bone cells: Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, and Osteoclasts.
• Osteoblasts are responsible for building new bone matrix.
• Osteoblasts produce new bone and become osteocytes, which is the mature bone.
• Osteoclasts are involved in bone reabsorption..
• Most common cells in compact bone are the osteocytes.