Biological molecules

• Biological molecules contain carbon element
• Biological molecules are used to make other substances in organisms
• Biological molecules can be found naturally inside any organisms
• Biological molecules are used to make the parts of organisms
• Biological molecules are made up of smaller molecules referred as basic units
• Examples of biological molecules:

  • Cellulose (carbohydrate) that makes up the cell wall of a plant cell
  • Cell membrane made up of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
  • Capsid (protein) in a virus
  • Haemoglobin (protein) found inside red blood cells
  • Digestive enzymes (protein) that help to breakdown foods in the digestive system
• Carbohydrates:

  • Galactose, fructose, glucose (basic unit), lactose, maltose, sucrose, glycogen, cellulose, starch
  • Polysaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides
  • Benedict’s test for reducing sugar
  • Iodine test for starch
• Lipids (fats & oils):

  • Fat, oil, saturated fats, unsaturated fats
  • No white emulsion, white emulsion
  • Translucent spot, no translucent spot
  • Ethanol emulsion test, translucent spot test
  • Fatty acids, glycerol
• Proteins:

  • Amino acids
  • Biuret test for proteins
  • Peptides, polypeptides
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA):

  • Controls the characteristics (features)
  • Controls the production of proteins
  • Genetic material
  • Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G)
  • Phosphate, deoxyribose (sugar), nucleotides
  • Organic bases: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus
• What is the colour of iodine solution when starch is present?

  Dark blue, blue-black, black
• What is the colour of Benedict’s solution when reducing sugar is present?

  Red, orange, yellow, green
• where can a biological molecules be found naturally?

  Inside any organisms
• What is biological use for ?


  to make parts of organisms and to make other substance in organisms
• Biological molecule contains what element?


  carbon
• What is biological molecules made up of?


  smaller molecules referred as basic units
• What element is carbohydrates made up of ?

  Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
• How many groups can be found in carbohydrates?

  3 groups
• What are the 3 groups that are found in carbohydrates ?

  Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
• What is the basic unit of carbohydrates?

  glucose
• What can be found in the monosaccharides?

  glucose, fructose, galactose
• What can be found in a disaccharides?

  Sucrose, maltose, lactose
• What can be found in the polysaccharides?

  starch, cellulose, glycogen
• What is the test for starch?

  iodine test
• What are the colours of iodine solution when the starch is present?

  dark blue, blue black, black
• What are the colours of iodine solution when starch is absent?

  Brown, yellow
• What is the test for lipids?


  Translucent spot test and ethanol emulsion test
• What element is lipids made up of?

  Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
• What is the basic units for lipids?

  fatty acids and glycerol
• What are the two types of lipids?

  unsaturated fats (plant based) and saturated fats (animal based)
• Saturated fats (animal based) is mainly solid
• Unsaturated fats (plant based) mainly liquid
• What is seen inside the ethanol solution when lipids is present?

  white emulsion
• What is seen inside the ethanol solution when lipids is absent?


  no white emulsion
• What is the test for protein?


  Biuret test.
• What is the colour of Biuret solution when protein is present?

  Purple
• What is the colour of the Biuret solution when protein is absent?

  Blue
• What is the basic units of protein?

  Amino acids
• What is protein made up of?

  carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
• what is the basic unit of DNA?

  nucleotides