PARASITOLOGY - HALF

• These are subdivided into three groups based on the anatomic location from which they cause pathology: subcutaneous, serous cavity, and lymphatic filariasis.
• Mansonella causes serous cavity filariasis in the abdomen
• Lymphatic filariasis is caused by Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori.
• Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is one of the most debilitating diseases plaguing many tropical countries.
• Lymphatic filariasis is second leading cause of permanent and long term disability, affecting both physical and psychological aspects of the victim.
• The two most common mosquito-borne causative agents of LF are Wuchereria bancrofti and Bancroft’s filarial worm
• Adult Wuchereria worms are creamy white, long, and filiform in shape.
• Microfilariae in fresh specimens appear as minute snake-like organisms constantly moving among the red blood cells.
• ADLA stands for acute dermatolymphangioadenitis
• The most common chronic manifestation of LF is lymphedema, which on progression leads to elephantiasis
• Due to the nocturnal periodicity of most W. bancrofti strains, wet smears or thick blood smears are taken between 8 p.m. and 4 a.m.
• Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) has been the drug of choice for the treatment of lymphatic filariasis since its discovery in 1948.
• Panstrongylus cantonensis or the rat lungworm was first described by Chen in 1935 from domestic rats in Canton, China
• The P. cantonensis, which normally lives in rat lungs, has been known to cause eosinophilic meningoencephalitis in man.
• Larvae 1 of Parastrongylus cantonensis found in the lungs of the rodent hosts and has a distinct small knob near the tip of the tail
• Larvae 3 of Parastrongylus cantonesis identify the larvae when the two well-developed chitinous rods below its buccal cavity
• Rats are the definitive hosts of Parastrongylus cantonesis
• IP of parastrongylus cantonesis is 6 to 15 days
• Trichinella was first described by Tiedemann in 1822
• Raw or insuffiency cooked meat (pork) was responsible for trichinellosis in humans
• Other species that have been known to cause human trichinellosis include T. murrelli, T. nelsoni, T. papuae, and T. pseudospiralis.
• Patient with light infection of Trichinella harbors up to 10 larvae and are usually asymptomatic
• Patients with moderate infection of Trichinella harbors 50-500 larvae show symptoms such as gastroenteritis, diarrhea, and abdominal pain
• Patients with severe infection of Trichinella harbors more than 1000 to 3000 larvae
• The treatment for children of two years old and older with Trichinella is albendazole
• Analgesic and antipyretic is a supported treatment for Trichinella
• Human trichinellosis occurs wherever meat is a part of the diet.
• Trichinellosis is primarily a zoonosis.
• Humans get infected after ingestion of raw or insufficiently cooked meat from infected animals.
• The infection is usually maintained in a pig-to-pig or pig-to-rat-to-pig cycle.
• To prevent Trichinella, it is recommended that meat be cooked at a minimum of 77 degree Celsius.
• Storing the meat of -15 degree celsius for 20 days or -30 degree celsius for 6 days is suggested to prevent trichinella
• Anisakis are nematode parasite of whales, dolphins, porpoises, walruses, seals, sea lions, and other deep marine mammals.
• Embryonated egg of anisakids is discharge at sea
• Larval infection with anisakids called anisakiasis or anisakidosis
• RAST stands for radioallergosorbent test
• The main approach is to mechanically remove the larva of Anisakis is using endoscopic forceps.
• Toxocariasis is a zoonotic disease which may present as a public health with stray dogs and cats common in urban areas
• Toxocara canis completes its life cycle in dogs
• Toxocara catti is a cat round worm similar with toxocara canis except more on lactation than placental transmission