comm disease

• What is a communicable disease?

  An illness spread between individuals within a population
• What are pathogens?

  Microorganisms that cause disease
• Which organisms can be affected by pathogens?

  Plants and animals
• What are the different types of pathogen?

  • bacteria
  • viruses
  • fungi
  • protists
• How do bacteria damage the body?

  Reproducing rapidly and producing toxins which damage tissues
• What are the main ways that pathogens are transmitted?

  • direct contact
  • contaminated water
  • droplets carried in the air
  • contaminated food
• Is cooking food thoroughly a method to prevent spread of pathogens?

  Yes
• Why does cooking food thoroughly prevent the spread of pathogens?

  Pathogens are usually killed by high temperatures
• Where do viruses live and reproduce?

  Inside living cells of a host organism
• What is measles?

  A viral infectious disease with a fever and rash
• Are young children vaccinated against measles?

  Yes
• How is the measles virus transmitted?

  Inhalation of droplets that contain the virus
• How does HIV cause harm?

  Damaging the immune system, leading to AIDS
• What are the initial symptoms of HIV infection?

  Flu-like symptoms
• How is HIV transmitted?

  Exchange of body fluids
• Why do plants infected with TMV have reduced growth?

  The 'mosaic' pattern affects photosynthesis
• What type of pathogen is Salmonella?

  Bacterial
• What does Salmonella cause?

  Food poisoning
• What are the symptoms of Salmonella food poisoning?

  Fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea
• How does Salmonella infection spread?

  Ingestion of contaminated food
• Can proper food hygiene help prevent Salmonella?

  Yes
• Why can proper food hygiene prevent Salmonella?

  Salmonella bacteria are found in unhygienic conditions
• What is gonorrhoea?

  A sexually transmitted disease caused by bacteria
• What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?

  Discharge from sex organs and pain on urinating
• How is gonorrhoea transmitted?

  Through sexual contact
• How can the spread of gonorrhoea be prevented?

  • treating infected individuals with antibiotics
  • the use of barrier contraception, e.g. condoms
• What is rose black spot?

  A fungal disease of plants
• How does rose black spot affect plants?

  Reduces photosynthesis, affecting growth
• How does rose black spot spread?

  By water or wind
• How can rose black spot be treated?

  Using fungicides and/or removing affected leaves
• What type of pathogen causes malaria?

  Protists
• Define the term vector in the context of infectious disease.

  An organism that transfers pathogens
• How do malarial protists infect humans?

  Infected mosquito bites
• What are the symptoms of malaria?

  Recurrent episodes of fever
• How is the spread of malaria controlled?

  • preventing the mosquitoes from breeding
  • using mosquito nets to avoid being bitten
• What is the role of the trachea and bronchi in non-specific immune defence?

  Trapping pathogens, dirt and dust
• Is stomach acid a specific or non-specific immune defence mechanism?

  Non-specific
• Why is stomach acid a non-specific immune defence mechanism?

  It destroys many pathogens
• What is the role of phagocytes in the immune system?

  Engulf and digest pathogens through phagocytosis
• In the body's response to infection, what recognizes what?

  Antibodies recognise antigens