I. Patterns - Reading and Writing

• Effective Communication - begins with a clearly organized set of ideas following a logical consistent pattern.
• Signal words - In determining the pattern of development in a text, you should consider it.
• Definition Pattern - Tells the readers what term or context in being defined. It may be formal or informal in giving definition of a term or context.
• Definition Pattern - Commonly used in Science, Humanities, and Business.
• Definition Pattern common signal words:

  1. Is defined as
  2. As defined as
  3. Means
  4. Refers to
  5. To define
  6. To illustrate
• Definition Pattern probing questions:

  1. What is it?
  2. What are its limits?
• Exemplification Pattern - Presents the general statement and then provides specific and concrete examples to expound on the main idea.
• Exemplification Pattern - Provides typical cases or examples.
• Exemplification Pattern - Spider Map or Semantic Map graphic organizer is useful for this pattern.
• Spider/Semantic Map - the main idea is placed along its diagonal line while the details of the main idea are placed on the side of the diagonals.
• Exemplification Pattern - If write all the information from the semantic map, and put it in a paragraph.
• Exemplification Pattern probing question:

  What are some typical cases or examples of it?
• Chronology/Procedure Pattern - Organizes ideas or event according to time. Can either be in the form of narration or a process. And, some writers consider this also as a narration pattern.
• Narrate - you try to tell a story and you are relating series of events.
• Chronology/Procedure Pattern common signal words:

  1. First
  2. Second
  3. Next
  4. Then
  5. Soon
  6. Finally
  7. Eventually
• Chronology/Process Pattern Guides:

  1. Writing Biologies
  2. Narrating Process
• Description Pattern - Gives information of what a person, an object, a place, or a situation is like.
• Description Pattern - Appeals to reader's senses.
• Description Pattern - Should have concrete and specific details.
• Description Pattern - This pattern makes the reader see, hear, taste, smell, or feel the subject from the text.
• Description Pattern - If you describe a thing, see to it that a reader can paint a picture in the mind based on your description.
• Descriptive Paragraphs writing genres:

  1. Literary analyses
  2. Descriptive essays
  3. Business plans
  4. Laboratory reports
  5. Research papers
• Description Pattern probing questions:

  1. What does it look like?
  2. What are its characteristics?
• Comparison and Contrast - when the similarities and differences of two or more things are explored.
• Comparison and Contrast - Venn Diagram is the best graphic organizer to use in this pattern.
• Cause and Effect Pattern - Focuses on the cause, reason, and the result of consequences of a certain phenomenon.
• Cause - why something happens.
• Effect - what happens
• Cause and Effect Pattern - Fishbone map is the best graphic organizer to use in this pattern.
• Cause and Effect Pattern - with this pattern, the writer can explain how an event or action leads to another.
• Cause and Effect Pattern probing questions:

  1. Why did it happen?
  2. What caused it?
  3. What does it cause?
  4. What are its effects?
  5. How is it related to something else?
• Problem-Solution Pattern - organizes ideas into problems and offers solutions.
• Problems - answers the wh questions.
• Solutions - present the major effects of the problem.
• Problem-Solution Pattern - Mostly, when you use this pattern, this requires more paragraph because you need to write details of the problem and the solution to it.
• Classification-division Pattern - Classify and Categorize or create divisions.
• Classify - sorting or arranging things.
• Categorize or create divisions - according to common or shared characteristics.
• Persuasion Pattern - shows how a set of evidence leads to logical conclusion or argument.
• Persuasion Pattern - Presents the issue, position, and the supporting evidence.