CHAP 2-GENSOC

• Human reproductive system is the organ system by which humans reproduce and bear live offspring
• Reproduction is the process of producing offspring
• Genitals are the external sex organs
• Primary sex characteristics are sex characteristics that are present at birth
• Secondary sex characteristics are sex characteristics that emerge during puberty
• Gonads are the reproductive organs of humans
• Puberty is a phase of rapid growth, at the end of which the body reaches reproductive maturity
• Each person has a pair of gonads: ovaries are female gonads; testes are the male gonads. The gonads produce germ cells and sex hormones. The female germ cells are ova (egg) and the male germ cells are sperm.
• • Mons pubis: located over the pubic bone and the pubic symphysis joint, contains glands that begin secreting
• Female external genitalia includes:

  • Labia majora: outer lips surrounding all other structures
  • Prepuce: clitoral hood (foreskin above and covering clitoris)
  • Clitoris: consists of glans (head), shaft, and crura (root), sensitive to stimulation
  • Labia minora: inner lips surrounding the vestibule where sweat and oil glands, extensive blood vessels, and nerve endings are located
  • Urethral opening: end of tube connecting to bladder and used for urination
  • Vaginal opening: also called introitus
• B. The female internal reproductive structures:

   Vagina – collapsible canal extending from vaginal opening back and upward into body to cervix and uterus.

   Cervix – small end of uterus to which vagina leads. It is the opening in cervix leading to leading to interior of uterus;

   Uterus – womb, organ within pelvic zone where fetus is carried;

   Fallopian tubes – carry egg cells from ovaries to uterus, this is where fertilization occurs; and

   Ovaries – produce estrogen and progesterone.
• The menstrual cycle marks the beginning of puberty in females. The first episode occurs between 11 to 15 years of age referred to as menarche.
• Female secondary sexual characteristics emerge after puberty: 1. widening of hips and pelvis – accommodates giving birth, but also results in downward shift in center of gravity. 2. enlargement of breasts – the glandular tissue of the breasts responds to sex hormones. It also produces milk toward the end of pregnancy and after childbirth in response to hormone levels.
• . The male external genitalia consist of the following structures:

   Prepuce – foreskin covering head of penis, removed in male circumcision;

   Penis glans (head), shaft, and root.

   Corona – rim of glans where it arises from shaft;

   Frenulum – thin strip of skin connecting glans and shaft on underside of penis;

   Scrotum – sac that encloses the two compartments housing the testes;  Urethral opening – found on head of penis and used for urination and semen delivery by which male ejaculates;  Perineum – area of skin separating the genitalia from the anus.
• Testes:

  • Produce androgen, particularly large quantities of testosterone
  • Produce sperm cells in unlimited quantity over the entire course of lifespan
• Testicle:

  • Two oval-shaped organs located inside the scrotum
  • Produce testosterone and make sperm
• Vas deferens:

  • Travels from testicle toward urethra carrying sperm
• Prostate:

  • Gland producing alkaline fluid
  • Accounts for about 30% of semen volume
• Urethra:

  • Tube within penis that carries sperm and semen the rest of the way to the opening of the penis
• Menstrual cycle, the monthly ovulation cycle the leads to menstruation (loss of blood and tissues lining the uterus) in the absence of pregnancy.
• “Obstructed labor” is the result when a woman is under 20, the pelvic area (the bone surrounding the birth canal) is still growing and may not be large enough to allow the baby to easily pass through the birth canal. • Uterus may tear during the birth process if the young woman is not physically mature. • Other complications:  Excessive vomiting, severe anemia, hypertension, convulsions, difficulty in breast feeding, premature and low birth weight babies, infection, prolonged labor, high maternal mortality or death.
• Male Condom: rubber sheath that fits over the penis Rolled over the penis 80-85% Low cost, easily accessible, and reduces risk of STDs/STIs Do not use with oil-based lubricants such as creams and lotions Can be effective in prevention of STIs and HIV/AIDS
• Implantable Hormone Device Continuous release of hormones 99% Continuous birth control for five years Implant of the capsule in the upper arm; done by the doctor
• Calendar Method: woman predicts the day of ovulation by keeping a calendar of the length or each menstrual cycle Allows the woman to keep track of “safe” days for sex. Theoretically 85% but in reality about 60% No cost and under the control of the woman Woman must keep track with the help of a calendar None
• Sterilization: vasectomy for males and tubal ligation for Passageway for the sperm or the egg is surgically Theoretically 100%, but exceptions have been Highly effective, permanent, and one time Doctor performs an operation None
• Birth control Pill: contains synthetic oestrogen Alters natural ovulation cycle Theoretically 99-100%, but women have conceived on the “pill” Low cost, easily available, and controlled by the woman Taken daily after menstrual cycle begins None
• Birth Control Injection: given in the first days of the menstruation and then every 2-3 months Not known Given by the doctor
• Withdrawal: removal of the penis from the vagina before ejaculation Prevents the semen from going into the vagina Theoretically, 85% but in reality, about 70% No cost under the control of the man and woman involved Dependent on the man
• Intrauterine Device (IUD) Inserted inside the uterus by a Doctor Theoretically 95-98% Long-lasting and relatively inexpensive
• Risk-taking is a normal part of adolescent development. It is defined as participation in potentially health compromising activities with little understanding of, or in spite of an understanding of, the possible negative consequences.
• TROUBLE SIGN among TEENS:

   Sexual promiscuity;

   Regular use of drugs and alcohol;

   Repeated violation of the law or school regulation;

   Running away more than once in three months;

   Skipping school more than once in three months;

   Aggressive outburst/impulsiveness  Dark drawings or writings;

   Deterioration in hygiene;  Oppositional behavior;

   Refusal to work/non-compliance;

   Chronic lateness;  Falling asleep in class;

   Changes in physical appearance; and

   Excessive daydreaming.
• As discussed in the first chapter, most embryos are consistent on the five biological definitions of sex, namely, chromosomes, gonads, hormones, internal and external reproductive structures. However, this is not always the case. In around 23/10,000 births, these five definitions of sex are not consistent, resulting in what is referred to as an intersexed birth.
• Intersex people are individuals born with any of several sex characteristics including chromosome patterns, gonads, or genitals that, according to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, "do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies".
• Intersex – refers to individuals born with any of several sex characteristics including chromosome patterns, gonads, or genitals.
• Nondisjunction – the failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division, usually resulting in an abnormal distribution of chromosomes in the daughter nuclei.
• Intersex people are individuals born with any of several sex characteristics including chromosome patterns, gonads, or genitals that, according to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, "do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies".
• 1. Turner’s Syndrome (X) If the sperm fails to divide properly, that is, if what is called nondisjunction occurs, one kind of sperm produced will have neither an X nor a Y chromosome. If this sperm fertilizes a normal egg, the offspring will have only an X chromosome.
• 1. Turner’s Syndrome (X)The person appears to be a female because although it lacks ovaries, it possesses some external female characteristics. This condition is estimated to occur in about 4/10,000 live births (Fausto-Sterling, 2000: 53)
• 2. Klinefelter’s Syndrome (XXy syndrome) Another case of nondisjunction is a sperm produced with both an X and a Y chromosome, or two Y chromosomes, resulting in the XXY chromosome abnormalities. Moreover, a person born with this chromosomal characteristic has the height of a normal male, with long legs, an absent or weak sex drive, “feminized” hips, some breast development, and a small penis and testes (Money and Ehrhardt, 1972).
• Jacob’s syndrome (XYY syndrome) A person born with this chromosomal characteristic is an anatomical male with no physical abnormalities, except for unusual height. The extra Y chromosome does not result in the person’s having more androgens than an XY male. Such persons appear to be able to reproduce successfully and rarely come to the attention of investigators, except through large-scale screening of newborns. Persons with this conditions are usually taller than normal males, has speech problems, weaker muscles or hypotonic, delayed puberty, aggressive, but they have normal appearance