information processing

• DCR


  detect - selection and identified the relevant info

  comparison - the relevant info is matched to similar info in the memory stores

  recognition - using info from their memory store a response is selected and executed
• the environment 


  contains the information needed to perform
• the display 


  sporting information is available to the performer from the environment (pitch, crowd , coach , opposition etc )
• receptor system 


  the player uses 5 senses to collect information from the display
• the perceptual system 


  the player detects the host of information picked up by the receptors and filters out the relevent and irrelevant information through selective attention
• the translatory mechanism 


  the performer will compare the relevant information from the environment to information stored in their memory
• the effector mechanism 


  sends the coated impulse to the muscles
• the muscles 


  pitch up the impulse and begin to contract
• output 


  the response begins and action if complete
• feedback 


  during and after this responce feedback is available in various forms to the player
• order of whitings modle

  1. environment/ display
  2. receptor systems
  3. perceptual mechanism
  4. translatory mechanism
  5. effector mechanism
  6. muscles/output
  7. feedback
• what is info processing

  process of taking account of the sporting environment and then making decisions prior to the execution of the skill
• what is the 3 stages of info processing

  input decision making output
• what are the 5 senses in sport

  1. SIGHT (vision e.g. see the opposition)
  2. AUDITORY (hearing e.g. hear the whistle of the official)
  3. TOUCH (feel of a ball or something through a body part e.g. I feel the grip of the hockey stick)
  4. BALANCE (links to accuracy e.g. if you are off balance when shooting you might miss)
  5. KINAESTHESIS (a sense from within that gives us information about a body position and muscular tension e.g. just don't feel quite right before shooting in netball
• which out of the 5 sense are external

  sight and auditory
• which out of the 5 senses are internal

  touch, balance and kinesthesis
• what is input 


  • its the information is gathered from the environment/ display
  • it is referred to as the stimulus identification
  • the info from the display is collected through the sensory system
  • this is done through the perceptual mechanism
  • information is filtered/ sorted by selective attention
  • e.g. the coaches and teammates calls, opposition positioning
• what is decision making

  • information gained is used to form a motor program
  • referred to as response identification
  • the info is assessed and a decision is made
  • this decision is based on previous experiences using the translatory mechanism
  • e.g. once stimulus has been identified it is cross checked with the long term memory to see if there is a motor program, one is selected and sent to the short term memory on what to do ( the decision
• what is output

  • motor program is completed
  • refers to as responce programming
  • the motor program is completed through the effector mechanism and the muscular system
  • e.g. after making a decision the preformer has to instruct his muscles to make the required movement, motor skill now takes place
• what is selective attention

  we process the relevant information and disregard the irrelevant information

  e.g. process the players call and disregard the crowds calls
• when in whitings modle does selective attention happen

  perceptual; mechanism
• what are the factors that cal influence selective attention

  • experience (a beginner might not know what the relevant stimuli are and so might miss them)
  • level or arousal/ alertness (if you are half asleep or too psyched you may miss the relevant stimuli)
  • intensity of the stimuli (if the stimuli is loud, big, bright or bold it is much easier to pick up than a hidden stimuli)
  • quality of instruction form the coach ( is a coach tells a performer at an early stage what the important information's then you will be able to pick up more easily)
• how can you improve selective attention 


  • increase the intensity of the stimulus e.g. brighter ball, louder shout
  • motivate/ arouse the preformer
  • direct the performers attention to one aspect of performance e.g. watch the ball, ignore the crowd
  • highlight cues/ stimuli to the preformer
  • learn to ignore irrelevant stimulus thought practicing with distractions
• what is reaction time 


  time taken from the onset of a stimulus to the onset of a movement (time for info processing to occur)

  • involves NO movement
  • takes place over a fraction of a second
• what is movement time 


  the time taken to stare and complete the task - happens after information processing has taken place
• what is response time 


  the time taken from the onset of a stimulus to the completion of a task

  response time = movement time + reaction time
• what are the factors that affect reaction time

  • STIMULUS INTENSITY - the righter the stimuli =quicker reaction time
  • PREVIOUSLY EXPERIANCED - past experience = quicker reaction time
  • ANTICIPATION - correct anticipation = quicker reaction time
  • AROUSAL LEVELS - optimal arousal levels = quicker reaction time
  • GENDER - males = quicker reaction time
  • CHOICE - more choices = slower reaction time
  • AGE - older = slower reaction time
  • TEMPRATURE - colder body = slower reaction time
  • FATIGUE - high levels = slower reaction time
• what are the 2 types of reaction time

  simple reaction time

  choice reaction time
• what is simple reaction time

  one response to one stimulus

  reaction needs to be fast

  closed skills
• what is choice reaction time

  more than one stimulus to choose from from and maybe more than once resume to make

  response time is much slower

  open skills / team games
• stratagies to improve reaction time

  • practice tot he stimulus
  • mental rehearsal
  • anticipate correctly
  • make stimulus more intense
  • concentration/ focusing - train selective attention to be better
  • get fitter
  • train with distractions to allow for better selective attention
• what is hicks law

  reaction time increases was the number of choices increase
• what is the single channel hypothesis

  stimuli can only be processed at one time (one at a time)
• what is the psychological refactor period (PRP)

  a delay when a second stimulus is presented before the first has been processes this can lead to the preformer to freeze completely for a split second to sort out the conflicting information
• what is anticipation

  pre-judging a stimulus
• what are the two types of anticipation

  spacial is predicting where something will occur

  temporal is predicting when something will occur
• what is the scheme theory

  is suggests that rather than use a structured set of movement to develop skills the core prinsibels can be taken from an existing motor program and then be adapted
• what are the 4 essential processes that must be used for he schema to me effective

  1. initial conditions - "where am I?" (environment & body position)
  2. responce specifications - "what do I need to do?" (sped, grip)
  3. sensory consequences - "how did it feel?" (sensory information)
  4. response outcome - "was it successful?" (update LTM schema, how was it successful?)
• which if the 4 essential processes that make a schema more effective is under the subheading "RECALL"

  INITICAL CONDITIONS

  RESPONCE SPECIFICATION
• which if the 4 essential processes that make a schema more effective is under the subheading "RECOGNITION"

  SENSORY CONSEQUENCES

  RESPONCE OUTCOME