Biology

• What do enzymes release after chemical reaction with a substrate?=product
• Diffusion= the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
• Osmosis= water moves from a high water concentration to a low water concentration through a partially permeable membrane
• active transport= the movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
• phloem= transports sugars and amino acids from the leaves to the rest of the plant
• xylem= water transported up the plant from the roots to the leaves
• transpiration= evaporation of water vapor from stomata
• root hair cells= increase the surface area of the root, allowing more water to be absorbed into the xylem
• guard cell= controls opening and closing of stomata
• mesophyll= layer of cells between upper and lower epidermis where photosynthesis occurs
• chloroplast= site of photosynthesis
• epidermal tissue= outermost layer of cells that protects the plant
• haemoglobin function= carries oxygen from lungs to body cells
• white blood cells= defend against infection by engulfing pathogens
• red blood cells= carry oxygen around the body
• platelets= form clots when there is damage to blood vessels
• blood plasma= liquid part of blood which contains dissolved substances such as glucose, amino acids and hormones
• lymphocytes= white blood cell that produces antibodies to fight off disease-causing organisms
• mitochondria= produce energy through cellular respiration
• vacuole= stores water and waste products
• ribosomes= site of protein synthesis
• cytoplasm= jelly like substance inside the cell membrane where chemical reactions take place
• Bacteria - Single-celled organisms with no nucleus or other membrane bound organelles
• Eukaryotic cells = plant and animal cells, contain a nucleus
• Cell wall - A rigid structure found outside the plasma membrane of some eukaryotic cells.
• Starch food test= add iodine solution, if starch present,orange> black colour will form
• Protein food test=Biuret reagent, will turn blue>purple if protein present
• Sugar food test= add a few drops of Benedict's solution to the sample, if it turns blue>orange,it is positive
• Lipid food test= add ethanol, if lipids are present, the solution will turn cloudy
• indepedent variable=The variable that’s changed in the experiment
• Dependent variable=The variable that dosent change
• phagocyte= white blood cell that injests bacteria and other foreign material
• Phagocytosis= process by which phagocytes engulf pathogens
• Antibody=proteins produced by B cells that bind to specific antigens on pathogens
• Antibody= protein produced by plasma cells as part of an immune response
• Carcinogens= chemicals that cause cancer, they are found in cigarette smoke, UV rays, and some foods
• Chromosome= threadlike structure made up of DNA and proteins
• Cloning= production of genetically identical organisms from one parent organism
• Apoptosis=cell death
• Cell division= process whereby a cell divides into two or more daughter cells