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• The 21st century illustrates that globalization dispersed political and economic supremacy beyond the state
• States today are answerable to various global rules and standards
• States face pressures towards supranational or regional integration and forces of domestic fragmentation, known as "fragmegration"
• The United Nations (UN) had 51 founding member-states after World War II in 1945, and by 2012, it had 193 members
• A "state" is a political association with a monopoly of the use of legitimate physical force, while a "nation" emphasizes organic relations that unite people based on various identities
• Globalization is associated with global free-market capitalism, transnational enterprises, and easy flows of capital across borders
• The Washington Consensus and its neo-liberal stress on deregulation, privatization, and free trade view globalization as a choice for nation-states to comply with free-market principles or risk being left behind
• Countries rely heavily on the "Electronic Herd" for investments, which can quickly transfer capital based on adaptability to transnational firms' dictates
• Import substitution policy led Mexico to develop its global market for automobile parts, while Argentina, New Zealand, Thailand, and Turkey benefitted from foreign markets for growth
• Neoliberalism argues that LDCs following free market recommendations could become newly industrialized countries, but critics argue that HDCs aim to sustain control over LDCs' wealth and resources
• Japan and South Korea developed globally competitive capabilities by protecting and funding industries, leading to economic success
• MNCs establish sweatshops in LDCs due to low wages and poor working conditions, leading to disasters like factory fires and collapses
• Detractors of economic globalization advocate for states to define national development objectives and compel MNCs to meet these priorities
• States must establish new systems of participatory democracy for citizens to be involved in determining international policies on trade, investment, and finance
• States form regional linkages for economic cooperation, such as the European Union (EU) with 28 member states and a single currency (euro)
• The EU Parliament has increasing legislative powers alongside the Council of Ministers, and campaigns for "fiscal union" among Eurozone countries were initiated
• The European Court of Justice (ECJ) ensures EU laws take precedence over national laws, and the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) advocates the European Convention of Human Rights
• The United Nations was established after World War II to assist global negotiations and uphold human rights and fundamental freedoms
• The UN has limitations in surpassing the states system and functions as a forum for countries to resolve grievances
• Criticism against the UN includes the Cold War deadlock, lack of power in the General Assembly, and the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 without Security Council consent
• The UN Charter does not penalize countries invading foreign nations unilaterally
• The UN was unable to prevent many global violence and killings during its existence
• Ad hoc tribunals were formed to sentence individuals from Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia of war crimes
• The International Criminal Court (ICC) was permanently established in 2002 to prosecute individuals accused of genocide and other crimes against humanity
• China, India, and the US are not among the 122 states that authorized the ICC's founding treaty, the Rome Statute
• The UN Security Council promotes the doctrine of “Responsibility to Protect” (R2P)
• The R2P doctrine allows states to interfere in the unlawful undertakings of governments unable to safeguard their citizens
• NATO intervened in Libya to protect civilians and aid revolutionary forces in ousting the government of Moammar Gaddafi
• Bashar Hafez al-Assad stayed in power in Syria despite committing atrocities against citizens
• The Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons and the UN Security Council worked on an agreement with Syria to extinguish its stockpiles of chemical armaments
• Transnational activism has roots dating back to 19th-century campaigns against slavery, foot-binding practices in China, and for women's voting rights
• The “boomerang pattern of influence” describes when domestic CSOs/NGOs join forces with foreign advocacy groups to pressure national governments
• The International Campaign to Ban Landmines targeted states to sign the Ottawa Treaty, with 160 signatories
• The Global Justice Movement calls for alternatives to neoliberal economic globalization
• The World Social Forum (WSF) serves as a counterpoint to the World Economic Forum (WEF)
• The social media revolution energized civil society organizations (CSOs) and led to citizen-led revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt
• Authoritarian states use technological advances to silence bloggers and control Internet content
• State-funded television networks like BBC World, Al Jazeera English, and Russia Today play significant roles in global news dissemination
• Television news played crucial roles in historical events like the dismantling of the Berlin Wall and the Arab Spring revolutions
• The lines between journalism and propaganda are often blurred in government-run broadcasting