Alkanes

    Cards (32)

    • Crude oil is a mixture of different hydrocarbons
    • Crude oil can be separated into its components using fractional distillation because the hydrocarbons have different boiling points.
    • Steps in the fractional distillation of crude oil
      1️⃣ The mixture is vapourised and fed into the fractionating column
      2️⃣ Vapours rise, cool, and condense
      3️⃣ Products are siphoned off for different uses
    • Products with short carbon chains have lower boiling points
    • Products with long carbon chains have higher boiling points
    • Products with long carbon chains condense at the bottom of the fractionating column because they have higher boiling points.
    • What is the process called that breaks down longer carbon chains into smaller, more useful molecules?
      Cracking
    • Cracking involves breaking carbon-carbon bonds
    • Thermal cracking produces a high proportion of alkanes and alkenes using high temperatures and pressures.
    • Catalytic cracking uses a zeolite catalyst and lower temperatures
    • Incomplete combustion of alkanes produces carbon monoxide
    • Carbon monoxide is a toxic gas produced during incomplete combustion.
    • Match the pollutant with its environmental effect:
      Carbon particulates ↔️ Respiratory problems
      Sulfur dioxide ↔️ Acid rain
      Carbon monoxide ↔️ Toxic to humans
    • Flue gas desulfurisation uses calcium oxide and gypsum
    • Pollutants from alkane combustion can contribute to global warming, acid rain, and health issues.
    • What type of light is required for alkanes to react with halogens?
      UV light
    • The chlorination of alkanes involves three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination
    • Steps in the chlorination of alkanes
      1️⃣ Initiation: The halogen is broken down
      2️⃣ Propagation: A hydrogen is replaced and the Cl• radical reformed
      3️⃣ Termination: Two radicals join to end the chain reaction
    • The conditions of the chlorination reaction can be altered to favor the termination step and limit the number of substitutions.
    • What type of reaction is shown in the image?
      Radical combination
    • What is the balanced chemical equation represented in the image?
      2CH4+2CH_{4} +3O22CO+ 3O_{2} \rightarrow 2CO +4H2O 4H_{2}O
    • The equation 2CH4+2CH_{4} +3O22CO+ 3O_{2} \rightarrow 2CO +4H2O 4H_{2}O represents the partial oxidation of methane
    • The three-way catalyst converts harmful substances such as HC, CO, and NOx into N₂, H₂O, and CO₂
    • What type of gas exits the top of the spray tower after the desulfurization process?
      Clean gas
    • What type of energy is required to initiate the photolysis of chlorine gas?
      UV radiation
    • What is the name of the alkane represented in the chemical equation?
      Methane
    • In the chemical equation CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O, the reactants are methane and oxygen
    • What is the product of the reaction between Chlorine and Methane?
      Methyl and Hydrogen Chloride
    • What is the name of the diagram shown in the image?
      Fractioning Column
    • The crude oil is heated in the heater
    • The three-way catalyst is used to reduce emissions from combustion engines.
    • What is the product of the reaction between Methyl and Chlorine?
      Methyl Chloride and Chlorine