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Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
Alkanes
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Cards (32)
Crude oil is a mixture of different
hydrocarbons
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Crude oil can be separated into its components using fractional distillation because the hydrocarbons have different
boiling points
.
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Steps in the fractional distillation of crude oil
1️⃣ The mixture is vapourised and fed into the fractionating column
2️⃣ Vapours rise, cool, and condense
3️⃣ Products are siphoned off for different uses
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Products with short carbon chains have lower boiling
points
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Products with long carbon chains have higher boiling
points
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Products with long carbon chains condense at the bottom of the fractionating column because they have higher
boiling points
.
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What is the process called that breaks down longer carbon chains into smaller, more useful molecules?
Cracking
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Cracking involves breaking carbon-carbon
bonds
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Thermal cracking produces a high proportion of alkanes and
alkenes
using high temperatures and pressures.
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Catalytic cracking uses a zeolite catalyst and lower
temperatures
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Incomplete combustion of alkanes produces carbon
monoxide
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Carbon monoxide is a toxic gas produced during incomplete
combustion
.
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Match the pollutant with its environmental effect:
Carbon particulates ↔️ Respiratory problems
Sulfur dioxide ↔️ Acid rain
Carbon monoxide ↔️ Toxic to humans
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Flue gas desulfurisation uses calcium oxide and
gypsum
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Pollutants from alkane combustion can contribute to global warming,
acid rain
, and health issues.
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What type of light is required for alkanes to react with halogens?
UV light
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The chlorination of alkanes involves three steps: initiation, propagation, and
termination
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Steps in the chlorination of alkanes
1️⃣ Initiation: The halogen is broken down
2️⃣ Propagation: A hydrogen is replaced and the Cl• radical reformed
3️⃣ Termination: Two radicals join to end the chain reaction
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The conditions of the chlorination reaction can be altered to favor the termination step and limit the number of
substitutions
.
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What type of reaction is shown in the image?
Radical combination
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What is the balanced chemical equation represented in the image?
2
C
H
4
+
2CH_{4} +
2
C
H
4
+
3
O
2
→
2
C
O
+
3O_{2} \rightarrow 2CO +
3
O
2
→
2
CO
+
4
H
2
O
4H_{2}O
4
H
2
O
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The equation
2
C
H
4
+
2CH_{4} +
2
C
H
4
+
3
O
2
→
2
C
O
+
3O_{2} \rightarrow 2CO +
3
O
2
→
2
CO
+
4
H
2
O
4H_{2}O
4
H
2
O
represents the partial oxidation of methane
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The three-way catalyst converts harmful substances such as HC, CO, and NOx into N₂, H₂O, and
CO₂
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What type of gas exits the top of the spray tower after the desulfurization process?
Clean gas
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What type of energy is required to initiate the photolysis of chlorine gas?
UV radiation
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What is the name of the alkane represented in the chemical equation?
Methane
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In the chemical equation CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O, the reactants are methane and
oxygen
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What is the product of the reaction between Chlorine and Methane?
Methyl and Hydrogen Chloride
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What is the name of the diagram shown in the image?
Fractioning Column
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The crude oil is heated in the
heater
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The three-way catalyst is used to reduce emissions from
combustion engines
.
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What is the product of the reaction between Methyl and Chlorine?
Methyl Chloride and Chlorine
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