PR1

• Ethics are rules of behavior based on ideas about what is morally good and bad.
• Voluntary Participation- Research takes one s time and energy. Be it infilling in survey forms, or participating in an interview.
• Voluntary Participation- some research will require participants to reveal information about themselves, their own experiences, history, and perspectives. In short, they are requested to share portion of themselves that are not disclosed in their day to day life. Thus, participants have to be willing to participate in the research
• No harm to the participants - Never injure or hurt someone." is a principle which is especially evident especially in the medical researches. However, this is also true in social research. Harm is not only limited to physical. It can also be psychological.
• Anonymity- Some topics would require revealing sensitive information about themselves. The responsibility of the researcher is to protect the identity and names of the individuals, organization and community that are part of the study.
• Confidentiality- Researchers must keep the information gathered. Even if the researchers know the identity of the participants who gave the particular response, this information should never be disclosed to the public,
• Limiting Access to the Data

  Explanation: Controlling and restricting access to the data ensures that only authorized individuals, typically researchers involvedin the study, have permissionto view orhandle the sensitive information.
• Limiting Access to the data

  Example: If a research team is conducting interviews, they might store audio or written transcripts in a secured electronic database accessible only through password-protected accounts. Limiting access in this way helps prevent unauthorized individuals from viewing or using the data.
• Removing Sensitive Information During Data Processing

  This approach involves carefully reviewing and modifying the collected data to ensure that any information that could potentially identify participants is either removed or anonymized before analysis. The goal is to maintain the confidentiality of the participants while still allowing for meaningful analysis of the data.
• Removing Sensitive Information During Data Processing

  Example: Consider a study on mental health where participants share personal narratives during interviews. To remove sensitive information during data processing:
• Number and Coding Assignments

  Explanation: Instead of directly associating information with individuals, researchers assign codes or numbers to participants. This coding system links data back to individuals in a confidential manner known only to the researchers.
• Number and Coding Assignments

  Example: In a survey, each participant might be assigned a unique identification number. This number, rather than personal details, is used throughout the research process. For instance, responses in a dataset may be associated with ID numbers, allowing for analysis without revealing the participants' identities.
• Republic Act No. 8485- An act to promote welfare in the Philippines other known as The Animal Welfare Act of 1998"
• Reduce- the number of animals used in research
• Replace- replace animals with others, such as technologies
• Data Privacy Act of 2012 or the RA No. 10173- A law that seeks to protect all forms of information, be it private, personal, orsensitive
• Fabrication and Falsification are the same since they are reporting a false information.
• Falsification- involves the manipulation or distortion of research data, methods, or results with the intent to mislead or present inaccurate information.
• Fabrication- refers to the outright invention or creation of data, results, or details that never existed in the research process.
• falsification and fabrication are considered serious ethical breaches in research.
• Non-publication of Data a.k.a. Cooking the data- not including data in results because it does not support the desired outcome
• Non-publication is more about the act of withholding information, whereas falsification involves actively creating false information.
• Faulty Data Gathering Procedures

  Collecting data from participants who are not complying with the requirements
• Invasive Procedures - Participants are asked to undergo frequent blood tests and medical imaging procedures that go beyond what is necessary for the study.
• Lack of Informed Consent - The researchers do not adequately inform participants about the nature, purpose, and potential risks of the invasive procedures.
• Emotional Distress - Participants experience heightened anxiety and stress due to the invasivenature of the procedures and the lack of transparent communication.
• Ethical Concerns - The study raises ethical concerns related to the principle of informed consent, as participants have the right to be fully informed about the procedures they will undergo
• Data Reliability - The emotional distress caused by the inappropriate treatment may influence participants' overall well-being and consequently, impact the reliability and validity of the data collected in the study.
• Plagiarism - copying the works of others withoutgiving them propercredit
• Direct Plagiarism - intentional copy and pasting information form another source without giving credits
• Self-plagiarism - copying your previous work without giving credits to your work
• Mosaic Plagiarism (also known as patchwork plagiarism or incremental plagiarism) copying phrases, passages, and ideas from different sources and putting them together to create a new text. This includes slightly rephrasing passages while keeping many of the same words and structure as the original.
• Accidental Plagiarism - if you' ve done all the things that needs to be done to avoid plagiarism such as

  paraphrasing, direct quotation, but you forgot to provide in-text citations
• Structured Interview - happens when the same question will be given to all participants
• Subjective - it describes a problem and condition from the point of view of those experiencing it.
• Objective - it provides observed effects interpreted by the researcher of a program or prodem.
• Text Based - it forms word or description.
• Number Based - means in numerical form
• Inductive - develops a theory, General Specific
• Deductive - tests an exicting theory Specifics General