Correctional Administration

• Probation - Probatio-test, court, 6 years below
• Parole - Board of Parsons and Parole (BPP), 6 years above
• Pardon - executive clemencies (Pres)
• Clemency is the power to grant pardons or commutations.
• The President has the authority to grant clemency through the Pardon Attorney's Office.
• The President has the authority to grant clemency through an Executive Order.
• Commutation of Sentence - reduce the sentence of person who has already served a portion of his sentence
• Reprieve - postpones execution, usually until some future date
• Unconditional Pardon - complete forgiveness of crime without any conditions attached
• Parole - release from prison on condition that the prisoner will abide by certain rules
• Correction - is a branch of Criminal Justice System concerned with the custody, supervision, and rehabilitation of criminal offenders.
• Institutional - rehabilitation is held inside jail or prison.
• Amnesty - an official pardon for people who have committed political offense
• Non-Institutional - community-based correction
• Penology - is the study of punishment of crime or of criminal offenders
• Poena - pain or suffering
• Penology - includes the study of control and prevention of crime through punishment
• Penal Management - it is the manner or practice of managing or controlling places of confinement
• Correctional Administration - is the study and application of a system management of jails or prisons and other institutions concerned with the custody, treatment and rehabilitation of criminal offenders
• Poena - latin word meaning punishment
• Poine - greek word meaning penalty/fine
• The Three Divisions of Criminology

  1. Sociology of Law
  2. Criminal Etiology
  3. Penology
• Sociology of Law - nature of crime from the legalistic point of view
• Criminal Etiology - various causes of crimes
• Penology - treatment of Prisoners and subsequent rehabilitation of convicted person
• Classical School - this give emphasis on the crime not on the criminal
• Classical School - punishment must be standardized and proportioned to the gravity and nature of the offense
• Neo-classical School - concepts of Mitigating circumstances might inhibit the exercise of free will and that punishment should be rehabilitative
• Neo-Classical School - children and lunatics can not calculate pleasure and pain
• Positivist School - criminal behavior is determined by biological, psychological and social factors
• Positivist School - crime as a social phenomena and attaches more importance to the criminal or the actor. Individualized punishment.
• Punitive Aspect

  • Removal from the group
  • Physical Torture
  • Social Degradation
  • Financial Loss
• Curative or Rehabilitative Aspect

  • Individualized treatment of offenders
  • Expert diagnosis of individual problems and needs
  • Expert prescription of therapy
• The Clinical Approach - theory used in diagnosing and treating cases of criminality was also closely analogous to clinical medicine
• Group Relations Approach - criminality is social in nature; criminal relations in groups are modified
• Group Relations Approach - isolation leads a person to become a criminal
• Punishment - is the penalty imposed on an offender for a crime or wrongdoing
• Punishment

  • Must be imposed by some special authority
  • Must be the work of personal agencies
  • Must be for an offense
  • Unpleasantness to the victim
• Justifications Of Punishment

  1. Retributivism
  2. Reductivisim
• Retributivism - the offender deserves it