Zoology

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    • Zoology is a branch of biology that deals with the animal kingdom
    • Aspects of Zoology:
      • Various classifications
      • Structures and their corresponding functions
      • Biochemistry
      • Evolution
      • Genetics
      • Embryonic Development
      • Behaviour
      • Relationship between different major animal phyla present and co-existing in ecosystem
    • Anatomy refers to the study of the structure and organization of living organisms
    • Physiology deals with the functions and activities of living organisms and their parts
    • Characteristics are the distinguishing features or qualities that define a particular organism or group of organisms
    • Evolution is the process by which species of organisms change over time through natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, and other factors
    • Classification of all living and non-living organisms is known as taxonomy
    • Specializations in Zoology:
      • Anthrozoology: deals with the relationships and interactions between humans and animals
      • Arachnology: study of spiders and related species
      • Archaeozoology: study of animal remains from archaeological sites
      • Embryology: study of development of organisms from fertilization to fetuses
      • Entomology: study of insects
      • Ethology: scientific study of animal behavior
      • Helminthology: focuses on the study of parasitic worms
      • Herpetology: study of reptiles and amphibians
      • Histology: study of microscopic tissues
      • Ichthyology: study of fishes
      • Malacology: study of mollusks
      • Mammalogy: study of mammals
      • Nematology: study of nematodes and roundworms
      • Ornithology: study of birds
      • Paleozoology: study of fossil animals
      • Pathology: study of diseases or injuries
      • Primatology: study of primates
      • Protozoology: study of microscopic organisms
      • Taxonomy: study of nomenclature and classifications
      • Zoogeography: study of geographical distribution of animal species
      • Zoography: study of animals and their habitats
      • Zootomy: study of animal anatomy (internal structure)
      • Arm: supports the upper parts of the microscope
      • Coarse Focus Knob: moves the stage up and down quickly
      • Fine Focus Knob: allows for precise adjustments to the focus
      • Base: provides stability and support for the entire microscope
    • Microscope and Dissecting Kit:
      • Eyepiece Tube: holds and aligns the eyepiece with the objective lens
      • Nose Piece: holds multiple objective lenses for changing magnification
      • Objective Lenses: provide different levels of magnification
      • Stage Clips: secure the specimen slide in place on the stage
      • Stage: provides a platform for placing the specimen slide
      • Diaphragm: controls the amount of light passing through the specimen
      • Illuminator: directs light upwards through the specimen
      • Eyepiece/Ocular Lens: magnifies the image formed by the objective lens
      • Magnifying Glass: used in dissection to enhance visualization and detail of small anatomical structures or features
      • Groove Director: used in dissection to separate tissues or organs along natural lines or anatomical landmarks without causing damage
      • Dissecting Spatula: used in dissection to lift and manipulate tissues, organs, or specimens with precision and control
      • Dissecting Tweezers: small, handheld tools with two slender arms joined at one end, primarily used for picking up and manipulating small objects or materials with precision
      • Dissecting Pins: pins with pointed tips used for securing specimens to the dissecting tray during dissection
      • Dissecting Tray: a flat tray with a raised edge used to contain specimens and prevent spills during dissection
      • Dissecting Probe: a pointed tool used for probing and separating delicate tissues or structures for exploring
    • Dissecting Kit includes:
      • Dissecting Scissors: used for cutting through tough tissues and muscle during dissection
      • Scalpel (Blade and Handle): a surgical knife with a sharp blade used for making precise incisions during dissection
      • Dissecting Forceps: characterized by two opposing blades or tongs, used for grasping, holding, or manipulating tissues, sutures, or other objects during surgical procedures, medical examinations, or dissections
    • Prominent Individuals in Zoology:
      • Aristotle (348-322 BCE): the father of zoology, created the first classification of animals by non-blooded and blooded classifications
      • William Harvey (1578-1657): discovered blood circulation, created the animal development theory
      • Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778): known as the Father of Modern Taxonomy, created the Binomial Nomenclature or the Scientific Name (Genus and Species)
      • Jean Baptiste De Lamarck (1744-1829): restructured vertebrates and invertebrates as distinct sections, founder of invertebrate paleontology, created the Theory of Use and Disuse
      • Charles Darwin (1809-1882): known as the Father of Evolution, postulated the Theory of Natural Selection
      • Theoder Schawnn (1810-1882): postulated the Cell Theory, founder of the enzyme Pepsin, disproved the theory of Spontaneous Generation
      • Gregor John Mendel (1822-1884): the Father of Genetics, behind the Laws of Heredity
      • Louis Pasteur (1822-1895): the Father of Pasteurization, prominent in vaccination and microbial fermentation
      • Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913): inspiration of Darwin, known as the Father of Biogeography
      • Thomas Morgan (1866-1945): developed the chromosome theory of Heredity, experimented with Fruit Fly (Drosophila)
      • Jane Morris Goodall (1934-): conducted an intensive study of Chimpanzees in Tanzania, awarded as the United Nations Messenger of Peace
      • Stephen Robert Irwin (1961-2006): Australian Crocodile Hunter who died from a sting ray