PMTP LAB - MIDTERMS

• Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
• Blood banking is regulated by American Association of Blood Bank (AABB)
• infection - invasion and growth of a microorganism in the human body that causes diseases (from PPT)
• infection control - set of procedures that must be followed at all times that aims to break the chain of infection
• OSHA was established to ensure safe and healthy working conditions by enforcing standards and regulations ; responsible for setting and enforcing safety and health regulations in the workplace to prevent accidents, injuries and illnesses
• sharps is the most dangerous hazard since it can deal injury and infectious disease at the same time
• bacteria, virus, parasite, fungi, molds and yeasts are example of biological hazards
• physical hazards - environmental factors or conditions that can cause harm or injury to individuals ; typically related to the physical characteristics of the workplace
• Electrical hazards - potential dangers arising from the use of electricity in various settings
• Sharps can cause cuts, pricks, or puncture wounds
• infection - happens when a microorganism invades the body, multiplies and causes injury or disease (FROM BOOK)
• for the infection to escalate to an epidemic, all components or links should be favorable to the pathogenic microbe
• Chemical Hazard Classification

  A) fire hazard ; top quadrant

  B) reactivity ; right quadrant

  C) health hazard ; left quadrant

  D) specific hazard ; bottom quadrant

  
• Hand Washing Steps (CDC)

  1. Wet your hands with clean, running water (warm or cold), turn off the tap, and apply soap.
  2. Lather your hands by rubbing them together with the soap. Lather the backs of your hands, between your fingers, and under your nails.
  3. Scrub your hands for at least 20 seconds. Need a timer? Hum the “Happy Birthday” song from beginning to end twice.
  4. Rinse your hands well under clean, running water.
  5. Dry your hands using a clean towel or an air dryer.
• Hand contact is the most common way of transmitting infection
• Hand washing is the single most effective way to prevent the spread of infections.
• The use of gloves is not a substitute for hand washing.
• Using a Fire Extinguisher

  Remember PASS!

  1. Pull the pin
  2. Aim at the base of fire
  3. Squeeze the lever
  4. Sweep side to side
• In Case Of Fire

  Remember RACE!

  Rescue, Alarm, Contain, Extinguish
• Donning of PPE

  1. Identify and gather the proper PPE to don
  2. Perform hand hygiene using hand sanitizer
  3. Put on isolation gown
  4. Put on NIOSH-approved N95 filtering face piece respirator or higher (use a face mask if a respirator is not available)
  5. Put on face shield or gloves
  6. Put on gloves
• Doffing of PPE

  1. Remove gloves
  2. Remove gown
  3. Perform hand hygiene
  4. Remove face shield or goggles
  5. Remove and discard respirator (or face mask if used instead of respirator)
  6. Perform hand hygiene after removing the respirator/face mask and before putting it on again if your workplace is practicing reuse
• Class A Fire - A, ABC Extinguisher

  Class B Fire - ABC, BC and halogenated agents

  Class C Fire - C

  Class D Fire - D, special equipment

  Class K Fire - K, special equipment
• Hepa B, C, HIV, Syphilis are the most common blood-borne pathogen
• Disinfectants are typically corrosive and not safe to use on human skin
• In using tourniquet, the restriction of blood flow can change blood components if the tourniquet is left in place for more than 1 minute
• The restriction of venous flow distends or inflates the veins, making them larger and easier to find, and stretches the vein walls so they are thinner and easier to pierce with a needle
• 1:10 dilution solution of disinfectant is used when spills involve large amounts of blood or other body fluids or occur in the laboratory
• 1:100 dilution solution of disinfectant is recommended for decontaminating nonporous surfaces after cleaning up blood or other body fluid spills in patient-care settings
• Clot activators promote coagulation. Clotting in plain serum tube takes about 60 minutes, while clotting in serum tubes with clot activators takes only 30 minutes
• Thrombin directly increases clotting and is used for stat serum chemistry determinations or if the patient is on anticoagulants
• polymer/separator/thixotropic gel - inert, synthetic substance whose density is between that of cells and that of blood serum or plasma
• phlebotomy carts are made of stainless steel or strong synthetic material that have swivel wheels which glide the carts smoothly and quietly down hospital hallways and in an out of elevators
• syringe system is used for patients with small or difficult veins
• Blood Culture Bottle

  • acts on the complement system
  • prevent killing of bacteria
  • prevents phagocytosis
• Light Blue top

  • for coagulation testing
  • glass: 0.105M (3.2%)
  • plastic: 0.129M (3.8%)
  • preserves the labile coagulation factors
• black top

  • oxalate
  • also contain buffered sodium citrate
  • generally used for Westergren sedimentation rates
• red top

  • have no additive, so blood collected in these tubes clots
  • used mostly for chemistry, blood-bank and immunology assays
• integrated serum separator tubes are available for isolating serum from whole blood
• Advantages of Serum Separator Tubes

  • Shorter processing time through clot activation
  • higher serum yield
  • specimens can be transported without disturbing the separation
• some silica gel serum separation tubes may give rise to minute particles that can cause flow problems during analysis