Reproduction

• The vegetative parts of plant are roots, stem, leaves
• In asexual reproduction, plants give rise to new plants without seeds
• In sexual reproduction, plants give rise to new plants by seeds
• Vegetative propagation is a type of asexual reproduction where new plants are produced from roots, stem, leaves, and buds
• Axil is the point of attachment of a leaf at the node
• Node is the distinct part of the stem/branch at which a leaf arises
• Bryophyllum has buds on the margin of the leaf, and each bud can give rise to a new plant if a leaf falls on moist soil
• A cacti can produce new plants when its parts get detached from the main plant body, and each detached part can grow into a new plant
• Plants produced by vegetative propagation grow faster and bear flowers and fruits earlier than those produced from seeds
• Plants produced by asexual reproduction are exact copies of the parent plant, as they are produced by a single parent
• Yeast reproduces by budding, where a bud gradually grows, gets detached from the parent, and produces more buds when mature
• Algae grow and multiply rapidly by fragmentation, breaking up into 2 or more fragments that grow into new individuals when water and nutrients are available
• Fungi on bread grow from spores released in the air, which germinate and develop into new individual plants
• Mosses reproduce by means of spores
• Stamens are the male reproductive part and pistils are the female reproductive part of a flower
• Unisexual flowers contain either stamen or pistil, while bisexual flowers contain both stamen and pistil
• Anther contains pollen grains with male gametes, and a pistil contains stigma, style, ovary, and ovules containing female gametes
• In sexual reproduction, male and female gametes fuse to form a zygote
• Pollen grains are carried by wind, water, or insects for pollination, which is the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma of a flower
• Self-pollination occurs when pollen lands on the stigma of the same flower or another flower of the same kind, while cross-pollination occurs when pollen lands on the stigma of a flower of a different plant of the same kind
• Fertilization is the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote
• After fertilization, the ovary grows into fruit, and other parts of the plant fall off
• Seeds contain embryos and are enclosed in a protective seed coat
• Seeds have different dispersal mechanisms: wind-carried seeds are light or hairy, water carried have fibrous outer coats for floating, seeds with hooks get attached to animals for transport, and seeds that burst scatter to far-off places
• The reproductive part of plant is flower
• how can each bud give rise to new plant of bryophyllum give rise to new plant?

  If the leaf falls on a moist soil
• how can cacti give rise to new plants

  when its parts get detached from the plant, detached part can grow into a new plant