carbohydrates

• what are polymers?

  long chains of repeating units made up from smaller simpler monomers
• what elements do carbs contain?

  carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
• what is a single carb, double carb and multi car molecule known as?

  • monosaccharide- one monomer
  • disaccharide- two monomers
  • polysaccharide- many monomers
• describe the structures of alpha and beta glucose

  glucose = hexose monosaccharide

  • hydroxyl group in a and b glucose is in different positions

  A) OH

  B) CH2OH

  C) OH

  D) H

  E) H

  F) H

  G) OH

  H) H

  I) OH

  J) O

  K) CH2OH

  L) H

  M) OH

  N) H

  O) OH

  P) OH

  Q) H

  R) O

  S) H

  T) OH

  
• what does a 1,4 glycosidic bond look like?

  Happens through a condensation reaction

  
• true or false? a glycosidic bond is ionic

  FALSE- covalent
• state the storage molecule in plants and in animals

  plants- starch

  animals- glycogen
• true or false? the two molecules that starch is made out of (amylose and amylopectin) are polysaccharides

  TRUE- they make starch which is also considered a polysaccharide
• what does a 1,6 glycosidic bond look like?

  C-O-C linkage

  
• true or false? glycogen is less branched than starch

  FALSE- glycogen is more branched than amylopectin, so glycogen is more branched than starch- it is more compact, takes up less space for storage, can be hydrolysed at a faster rate, important as animals actually need to move and plants don't
• how are starch and glycogen adapted as storage molecules?

  • insoluble- don't affect osmotic properties of cell
  • compact- require less space for them to be stored
  • branched- 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds, can be hydrolysed quick to glucose monomers to make ATP for respiration, glycogen can be hydrolysed at a faster rate than starch
• how are 1,4 glycosidic bonds formed between beta glucose?

  alternate B glucoses are turned upside down

  
• true or false? cellulose is able to form branches

  FALSE- because it is made of alternating B glucose chains
• how are cellulose molecules insoluble

  • make H bonds with each other and form microfibrils
  • the microfibrils join together and form macrofibrils
  • strong and insoluble enough to make cell walls
• how do you test for a non-reducing sugar?

  • boil with dilute HCl
  • hydrolyses disaccharide (non-reducing sugar) into monosaccharides (reducing sugars)