Periodic Table and Chemical Bonds

• The periodic table is organized by atomic number, with elements arranged horizontally based on the number of energy levels
• Groups/Families are identified by the number of valence electrons
• Metals tend to be found towards the left side of the periodic table, while non-metals are located towards the right side.
• Periods are rows that contain elements with similar properties due to having the same number of energy levels (shells).
• Elements that form negative ions (anions) have more than four valence electrons, while those that form positive ions (cations) have less than four valence electrons.
• Ions can also be formed when an element loses or gains one or two electrons.
• Atoms bond together through chemical bonds, which involve sharing or transferring electrons between atoms.
• Oxidation is the resulting charge after an atom gains or loses an electron.
• The groups on the periodic table are: Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Transition Metals, Boron Group, Carbon Group, Nitrogen Group, Oxygen Group, Halogens and Noble Gases.
• Metalloids are elements found at the boundary between metals and non-metals.
• Metals give electrons and Non-Metals take electrons.
• Full valence level of electrons are called an octet
• All atoms want to have a full valence level, Atoms can give, take or share to make this happen.
• Alkali Metals are the most reactive among the elements.
• The Farther away from non-metals, the more metallic the element.
• Metals get more reactive as you go down, Non-metals get get more reactive as you go up.
• ionic bonds have both metals and non-metals, and are formed when a metal(s) lose electrons and a non-metal(s) takes the electrons from the metal
• covalent bonds have two or more non-metals, and are formed when the non-metal(s) share their electrons to earn a full valence level.
• Periodic Table


  • Organized like a big grid
  • Properties of an element can be predicted from its location
  • Contains rows and columns with different meanings
• Periodic Table of Elements

  Elements are arranged by similar properties in a repeating pattern every seven elements
• Elements are organized on the Periodic Table based on similar properties
• The Columns of the Periodic Table

  • Are called Groups
  • There are 18 groups
  • Elements in a group have the same number of electrons in their outer energy level
  • Groups are often grouped together to form Families because of similar properties
• Metals

  • Shiny
  • Solid at room temperature
  • High conductivity
  • Malleable
• Metalloids


  • Characteristics between metals and nonmetals
  • Solid at room temperature
  • Semi-conductors
• There are more than 100 elements and some have similar properties as shown on the Periodic Table of Elements
• The Periodic Table represents our understanding of the structure and usefulness of the atoms identified in our environment
• Types of Elements on the Periodic Table

  • Metals
  • Metalloids
  • Nonmetals
• The Atomic Number Increases as you move Left to Right, Up to Down on the Periodic Table of Elements
• Nonmetals

  • Not shiny
  • Mostly gaseous at room temperature
  • Poor conductors
  • Brittle and will shatter easily
• Dmitri Mendeleev discovered a pattern to the Elements


  1869
• Each horizontal row of the table

  Is called a period and represents the number of energy levels present in an atom of the element
• It is tough to remember the difference between a Period and a Group on the Periodic Table
• Elements in a group have the same number of electrons in their outer energy level
• Elements in a group or family in the periodic table often-but not always-have similar properties
• Elements whose atoms undergo such processes are called Reactive and can combine to form compounds
• Elements located in the middle of the Periodic Table

  Are least reactive metals
• Reactive Elements can be compared to people who are active on social media. Identify an Element that would be very active on social media and one that would not join in social media
• Elements whose atoms take, give, or share electrons are called Reactive and can combine to form compounds
• Hydrogen is set apart in the periodic table because its properties do not match any single group. It is above Group 1 because it has 1 electron in its outer energy level like Group 1
• Groups are often “grouped” together to form Families because of similar properties