Bio 14-16

• Recombinant DNA - a DNA that has been created artificially.
• TRUE or FALSE: DNA from two or more sources is incorporated into a single recombinant molecule used to produce new genetic combinations that are of value to science, medicine, agriculture and industry.

  True
• Recombinant DNA Technology - tee technology used for producing artificial DNA through the combination of different genetic there else from different sources.
• The recombinant DNA technology emerge with the discovery of restriction enzymes in the year 1968 by swiss microbiologist Werner Arber
• TRUE or FALSE: The recombinant DNA has to be introduced into the host, and it has to be maintained in the host and carried forward to the offspring.


  True
• In order to work with DNA, scientists must extract it from the desired organism.
• Scientists use Gene Cloning to separate the single gene of interest from the rest of the genes extracted and make thousands of copies of it.
• Once a gene has been cloned, genetic engineers begin designing the gene to work once inside a different organism.
• Gene Design - this is done in a test tube by cutting the gene apart with enzymes and replacing gene regions that have been separated.
• The new gene is inserted into some of the cells using various techniques. The main goal of each of these methods is to transport the new gene/s and deliver them into the nucleus of a cell without killing it.
• Backcross Breeding - the fifth and final part of producing a genetically engineered crop.
• Transgenic plants are crossed with elite breeding lines using traditional plant breeding methods to combine the desired traits of elite parents and the transgene into a single line. The offspring are repeatedly crossed back to the elite line to obtain a high yielding transgenic line. The result will be a plant with a yield potential close to current hybrids that expresses the trait encoded by the new transgene. 


  Backcross Breeding
• Food Industry - the first application of recombinant DNA.
• An example of it is the Recombinant human growth hormone that is used to support normal growth and development for patients with malfunctions in the pituitary gland. 


  Pharmaceutical Industry
• A specific variety of rice, golden rice, is genetically engineered with recombinant DNA to express enzymes that promote B-carotene biosynthesis. 


  Food Industry
• Its example is the antibody test that uses recombinant HIV protein to measure antibodies in the body that proliferate when there is a HIV infection. 


  Medical Research
• Some commercial crops, such as soy, maize, sorghum, canola, alfalfa and cotton, are grown with recombinant DNA that increases resistance to herbicides used in the agricultural processes. 


  Agricultural Industry
• DNA Library - a collection of DNA fragments that make up the entire genome of a particular organism.
• In preliminary screening of clones, it is common to use Antibiotics
• Geologic Time - the extensive interval of time occupied by the geologic history of Earth.
• Formal geologic time begins at the start of Archean Eon (4.0 billion to 2.5 billion years ago) and continues to the present day.
• Hadean Eon - an informal interval that extends from about 4.6 billion years ago (corresponding to Earth's initital formation) to 4.0 billion years ago.
• Geologic time is, in effect, that segment of Earth history that is represented by and recorded in the planet's Rock Strata
• James Hutton - one of the first scientists to understand geologic time.
• James Hutton - in the late 1700s, he traveled around Great Britain and studied sedimentary rocks and their fossils.
• James Hutton - he believed that the same processes that work on Earth today formed the rocks and fossils from the past. He knew that these processes take a very long time, so the rocks must have formed over millions of years.
• James Hutton - his work helped us understand that the laws of nature never change that the Earth is very old.
• James Hutton - he is sometimes called "father of geology."
• Eons - the largest division of geologic time scale.
• Eras - followed the Eons.
• Periods - followed the Eras.
• Epochs - the smallest division of geologic time scale.
• 4 eras: Pre-cambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic
• Pre-cambrian - the oldest era.
• Pre-cambrian - the time before Cambrian period.
• The organisms that have thought to live 5 billion years ago are fungi, algae, and sponges.
• 6 periods of Paleozoic Era: Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian
• Paleozoic Era - the age of invertebrates.
• Devonian Period - the age of fishes.
• Carboniferous and Permian Period - the age of amphibians.