Tourism Chapt 1

• Tourism system

  Tourist generating region(country of origin)

  Tourist destination region(region which attracts tourists) Transit route(links tgr to tdr, may include stopover points->used for convenience or because of existence of attractions)
• How do the availability of transit routes influence travel between regions?

  -Influences volume and direction of travel

  • Limited/inconvenient transit routes->low volume of travel
  • More transit routes available-> increased volume of travel
  • Convenient or attractive transit routes available->direction of travel might change(tourists might choose to travel via the transit route instead of travellin directly to destination region)
• Relationship between tourist generating and destination regions

  1. The movement of tourists from generating to destination regions occurs due to a combination of push-pull factors
  2. Tourists, businesses, and organisations in tourist generating and destination regions are mutually dependent.
• The movement of tourists from generating to destination regions occurs due to a combination of push-pull factors

  Push factors(sg)

  Environmental ->climatic reasons: hot and humid, one season throughout the year, limited land space(small), lack of places with natural scenic beauty

  Economic ->high cost of recreational activities

  Social ->limited entertainment and recreational options, stressful work environment, unpleasant living environments(overcrowding/high population density, pollution)

  Political ->strict laws in sg
• Pull factors

  Environmental ->presence of natural landscape, presence of 4 seasons

  Economic ->more affordable attractions and services

  Social ->rich culture and rich history of a site, availability of large scale events, availability of authentic local cuisines
• Tourists, businesses, and organisations in tourist generating and destination regions are mutually dependent.

  Tourists require the services of tour operators in tourist destination regions to plan their trips

  Tour operators depend on hotels in tourist destination regions in order to plan accommodation for tourists

  Hotels depend on tour operators to direct tourists to them in order to earn profits
• How does increase in motivation to travel lead to growth of tourism?

  The need for relaxation

  • Increasing pressure of work and hectic lifestyles have increased people's motivation to travel to relieve stress
  • Many see travel as a way to rest and rejuvenate
  • Some seek nature to escape their urban environment, rest, and enjoy scenic views
  • Others prefer recreational activities like visiting theme parks which provide them with a different routine from their daily lives, and enable them to escape from their stress and worries
• The need to achieve personal growth and self fulfilment(venturers)

  • People consider travelling as a way for self-growth and to achieve their fullest potential
  • Travelling allows them to develop themselves further by learning something new or improving their existing skills and knowledge ->choose a travel destination where they can pick up a new skill
  • Some also participate in activities that are challenging or adventurous to fufil their potential
  • By participating in these activities, they feel that they are being stretched physically and emotionally, achieving personal growth
• The need to discover unique travel experiences

  • Some travel to gain unique travel experiences in order to satisfy their curiosity about the world
  • Allows them to explore different environments and cultures that are not widely known
  • Often seek places that are less travelled to
  • Participate in special or uncommon tourism activities
  • Social media has raised interest in unique destinations and activities, especially among younger travellers
  • With globalisation, vast transport networks are connecting remote places to major cities, making them more accessible
  • Hence exp rise in tourism numbers
• How does an increase in ability to travel lead to the growth of tourism?

  Increase in disposable incomes

  • After World War II, economic development led to an increase in disposable incomes in North America, Western Europe and Japan. This resulted in greater spending on travel, fueling tourism growth
  • Today, in rapidly developing countries like China and India, a fast-growing middle class with increased disposable incomes is causing a large demand for tourism
• Increase in leisure time

  • Refers to the time when people are free from work responsibilities
  • Since 1950s, in both developed and LDCS, government and businesses have given people more leisure time
  • This comes in the form of increased paid leave, more public holidays and shorter working weeks, which gives people more time to travel
  • The increase in paid leave also increases the ability of workers to finance their travel
• Business innovations in the tourism-related industry

  • The ability to travel is made possible by buisness innovations that provide value-for-money experiences
  • With buisness offering more affordable travel options, demand for tourism has increased
  • Today, tour operators are increasingly replaced by a variety of websites and applications that provide more personalised and value-for-money travel experiences
• Lower transport costs

  • International tourism relies heavily on air transport, which has become increasingly affordable
  • Over the years, air fares have significantly dropped, especially with the emergence of budget airlines
  • Budget airlines offer air tickets at significantly lower prices, espcially for internarional travel (through the process of "unbundling"->fewer privileges and optional add-ons that are dependent on the needs and preferences of tourists)
  • They do this by using fuel-efficient planes, which reduce fuel costs, and by flying to airports with cheaper fees
• Lower accommodation costs

  • Over the years, the variety of accommodation types has increased, from rented properties to hotels and bed and breakfast stays
  • Buisness innovations such as AirBnB has made it possible for property owners to rent their properties out to tourists, at different prices
  • This wide variety caters to a range of different budgets, making tourism with lower accommodation costs possible
  • This has enabled travelling to be more affordable
• How does an increase in mobility lead to the growth of tourism

  Expansion of public transport services and infrastructure

  • Connectivity within different parts of a country n between countries has increased
  • Tourists can travel to more places in much shorter times
  • Many countries expanded their network of public transport services by increasing the number of public bus and train routes
  • Travelling within the destination region has become more convenient for tourists, leading to tourism growth
• Introduction to new modes of travel

  • The rapid development of transportation technology has resulted in new modes of travel
  • Tourists can now travel faster and further via land, sea and air transport
  • Commericial air travel has greatly boosted tourism
  • Since 1950s, technological developments enabled the production of aircraft that can travel faster and further and are more fuel-efficient, resulting in
  • Reduced travelling time
  • Increased convenience of travelling long distances
  • Lower travelling costs
• Increased private car ownership

  • Private car ownership allows families to travel comfortably and conveniently in their own vehicles to nearby attractions for leisure
  • Travelling in private cars allows for more freedom in the number of destinations one can visit and the time spent at each destination
  • The increase in private car ownership has especially boosted domestic tourism
• What are the stages of tourism development?

  Exploration, Involvement, Development, Consolidation, Stagnation, Decline, Rejuvenation (pg 17 to 22)

  • A tourist destination grows in popularity when there is an injection of financial manpower and infrastructural resources into a newly discovered location
  • Over time, however, it may lose its popularity and start to decline
  • The destination can regain popularity if measures are taken to rejuvenate the place
  • Otherwise, the tourist destination declines
• What are the different personality types of tourists?

  Dependables and Venturers

  
• How do personality characteristics influence travel patterns?

  • Personality characteristics of tourists can determine travel preferences and patterns such as the choice of destinations and tourist activities
  • Tourist activities that cater to the preferences of certain personality characteristics can be found in certain destinations
• How do personality characteristics influence the development of tourist destinations?

  • The way it evolves over time
  • More appealing to certain personality characteristics
  • Dynamic and constantly evolving, features change, type of tourists they attract will also change
  • Venturer-type tourists often set travel trends and influence the travel decisions of Dependable-type tourists, tourist destination may eventually lean from Venturer-type to Dependable-type
  • Planners and stakeholders can develop tourist destinations in a way that attracts certain personality characteristics