GENBIO 3Q

• A fertilized egg is produced from the union of two cells called zygote
• The function of cell division for unicellular organisms is for reproduction
• An amoeba, a single-celled eukaryote, divides into 2 cell, and each new cell will be an individual organism
• The function of cell division for multicellular organisms is for development and growth
• 2 of the other functions of cell division are: growth and renewal and repair
• the 2 phases of cell cycle are: interphase and mitotic phase
• Interphase occurs in between cell division. It is the long growth period between such divisions.
• Mitotic Phase, also called as M Phase happens when nuclear division occurs and duplication of DNA is distributed to the daughter cells.
• Mitotic phase occurs 1 hour in humans
• In cytokinesis, 2 daughter cells are formed
• G1 or First Gap is the primary growth and protein synthesis. This is where organelles are produced and there is an increase of volume of cytoplasm.
• The first checkpoint is located in G1 or First Gap
• Synthesis is the 2nd stage of interphase wherein the DNA is duplicated and the growth continues slowly.
• Cancer refers to abnormal cell division
• G2 or Second Gap is the third stage of interphase and this is where cell is prepared for cell division
• G0 refers to the stage of interphase wherein there is non-dividing or temporary steps occur in cells before going back to first gap
• G1 occurs 5 to 6 hours
• Synthesis is the longest period that occurs 10 to 12 hours, where 2 copies of genome are formed
• G2 is the shortest period that occurs 4 to 6 hours only, for humans
• The metaphase checkpoint is the third checkpoint, and it foresees if chromosomes are attached to centromeres
• Replication is the process of copying the cell's DNA prior to cell division
• Transcription is the process of creating a coding message of a single gene that can be carried out of nucleus
• Translation is the process of converting the coded message into proteins useful to the cell
• Mitotic chromosome is a duplicated chromosome in which the 2 new chromosomes, called sister chromatids, are still linked together
• Mitosis produces somatic cells, and Meiosis produces sex cells
• The process of cross-over happens in Prophase 1
• Mitosis is the step of producing identical cells or new diploids with two sets of chromosomes from parent cells
• Meiosis generate haploid cells, with one set of chromosome per cell only, with the involvement of sex cells
• In Meiosis I, 1 diploid cell becomes 2 haploid cells
• In Meiosis II, 2 haploid cells becomes 4 haploid cells
• In Mitosis, daughter cells are genetically identical to parent cell
• In Meiosis, daughter cells are genetically different to parent cell
• In Prophase, chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes and then migrates from cell poles
• Sister chromatids are 2 chromatids joined together by a centromere and a protein called cohesins
• Kinetochore chromosome means that proteins are still attached in centromere
• Non-kinetochore chromosomes are proteins that are not attached in centromere, but will lengthen in preparation for telophase
• Metaphase, also the attachment checking stage, is the process of duplicate chromosomes forming a single line at the middle, or equator, between centriole poles
• The centriole poles in Mitosis and Meiosis are called metaphase plate
• Anaphase is the phase that sister chromatids separate as daughter chromosomes are pulled towards poles by microtubules or spindles
• The shortest stage in Mitosis is Anaphase