MAHAJANAPADAS

• DISCOVERY OF IRON LED TO WHAT CHANGES IN LIFE OF PEOPLE BY 6TH CENTURY B.C.

  1.SHIFTING TO MIDDLE AND LOWER GANETIC PLAIN- HIGHLY FERTILE REGION- CULTIVATION OF PADDY.

  2. SHIFT OF PEOPLE- NON-AGRI. ACTIVITIES - TRADE AND COMMERCE
• WHAT IS SECOND URBANISATION ? WHAT LED TO IT?

  AS PEOPLE BEGAN TO MOVED TOWARDS TRADE AND COMMERCE, PUNCH-MARKED COINS CAME INTO BEING OF SILVER AND COPPER CALLED AS KARSAPANAS.

  -ESTABLISHMENT OF URBAN CENRES DUE TO TRADE AND COMMERCE LED TO 2ND URBANISATION

  -TRADE ASSOCIATIONS CALLED SHRENINS WERE ESTABLISHED - ENDING AND BORROWING OF MONEY @ INTERESTS
• WHAT ARE MAHAJANAPADAS

  AROUND URBAN CENTRES , LARGE JANPADS BEGIN TO SETTLE KNOWN AS MAHAJANAPADAS. TOTAL 26 IN NO-5 REPUBLICAN AND REST MONARCHY.
• • REPUBLIC MONARCHS - VAISHALI - NORTH BIHAR ( MOST POPULAR ),MALLA'S, KOSALA, PANCHALA, KURU'S. COLLECTIVELY CALLED GANA SANGHAS - DEMOCRATIC NATURE.
  • 11 MONARCH MAHAJANAPADAS- MAGADHA (MOST POWERFUL) - ANNEXED REST ALL AND FORMED EMPIRE
• CAUSE OF RISE OF MAGADHA

  -LOCATION : HEART OF GANGETIC PLAIN -FERTILE LAND AND AVAILABILITY OF IRON - LETHAL WEAPONS

  • LARGE STANDING ARMY - DUE TO REGULAR TAX AND TRIBUTES
  • 2 CAPITALS- RAJAGRIHA- SURROUNDED BY HILLS AND PATALIPUTRA- CONFLUENCE OF SEVERAL RIVERS-GANDAK,GANGA, SON,PUNPUN.

  -ELIGIBLE AND TALENTED RULERS LIKE BIMBISARA
• BIMBISARA ESTABLISHED HARYANKA DYNASTY, EXPANSION BY TERRITORIAL ANNEXATION AND MATRIMONIAL ALLIANCE. 3 WIVES OF LEADING FAMILIES.

  • DEFEATED ADJOINING ANGA- CAPITAL-CHAMPA-> HIS SON AJATSHATRU
• AJATSHATRU ANNEXED VAISHALI AND KASI.
• UDAYAN, SON OF AJATSHATRU- FORT CONSTRUCTION AT PATALIPUTRA- JALDURGA. SHISHUNAGA FOLLOWED - ANNEXED AVANTI WITH CAPITAL UJJAIN AND MAHISHMATI.
• MAHAPADMA NANDA- TITLE OF EKRAT OR SINGLE MONARCH- ANNEXED EASTERN MOST PROVINCE OF KALINGA. STANDING ARMY OF 60,000 SOLDIERS. HIS SON DHANA NANDA WAS WEAK RULER AND INSULTED KAUTILYA.
• CHRONOLOGY OF MAJOR RULERS IN MAGADHA -

  BIMBISARA(HIRAYANKA DYNASTY)- AJATSHATRU- UDAYIN-SHISHUNAGA- KALASOKA-MAHAPADMA NANDA - DHANA NANDA
• WHAT ARE THE FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR RISE OF HETERODOX RELIGION IN 6TH CENTURY

  -INTERNAL TENSION IN VARNA SYSTEM

  • KSHATRIYAS AGAINST BRHAMANICAL DOMINANCE, AS THEY WERE MOST POWERFUL ONES
  • VAISHYAS- AGAINST CATTLE SACRIFICES - AS USED IN AGRI. AND UNABLE TO LEND AND BOWWOR MONEY ON INTERESTS AS PROHIBITED BY BRAHMINS
  • PAY TAXES TO RULER - OBLIGATION TO KSHATRIYA
  • SHUDRAS- ALLEVIATE THEIR SOCAIL POSITION -> LIBERAL RELIGION
  • USE OF LOCAL LANGUAGES BY BUDDHA AND MAHAVIR - PALI AND PRAKRIT- COMMUNICATION TO COMMON MASSES. AND LIVED SIMPLE AND PURE LIFE.
  • PATRONAGE FROM KSHATRIYA RULERS
• SIDDHARTH ESTABLISHED BUDDHISM RELIGION, HE BELONGED TO SHAKYA CLAN OF SHRAVASTI.

  • BORN- LUMBINI NEPAL.
  • OBSERVED 4 STAGES OF HUMAN LIFE- OLD PERSON, A SICK MAN, DEAD BODY, AN ASCETIC,
• WHAT DID THE 4 STAGES OF LIFE MADE SIDDHARATA REALISE

  THAT PAIN OR DUKH CANT BE SHARED BY ANYONE
• IMPORTANT PLACES RELATED TO BUDDHA:

  • BIRTH- LUMBINI, NEPAL
  • ENLIGHTENMENT- BODHGAYA, UNDER PEEPAL TREE - BECAME GAUTAM BUDDHA
  • 1ST PREACHING- SARNATH, KNOWN AS DHARMACHAKRA PARVARTANA
  • MAHAPARINIRVANA- KUSHINAGAR
• THE 4 NOBEL TRUTHS OF BUDDHISM ARE-

  • WORLD IS FULL OF SUFFERING OR DUKH
  • EVERY SUFFERING HAS A CAUSE
  • REASON FOR SUFFERING IS DESIRE / ATTACHMENT
  • ASHTANGA MARG CAN ELIMINATE THE CAUSES
• ASHTANGA MARG / 8 FOLD PATH INCLUDES-

  • RIGHT CONCENTRATION
  • RIGHT VIEW
  • RIGHT MEDITATION
  • RIGHT AIM
  • RIGHT SPEECH
  • RIGHT ACTION
  • RIGHT LIVELIHOOD
  • RIGHT EXPERIENCE
• MADHYAM MARG IS ASHTANG MARG FOLLOWED BY HOUSEHOLDERS
• JATAKA STORIES MENTION ABOUT 550 PREVIOUS BIRTHS OF BUDDHA
• 4TH BUDDHIST COUNCILS

  ALL HERE

  
• CRITERIA TO ENTER BUDDHIST SANGHA

  -NOT UNDER DEBT

  • NOT SUFFERING FROM PERMANENT DISASE
  • NOT UNDER SLAVERY
  • NO WOMEN, REQUEST OF ANAND AND MAHAPRAJAPATI GAUTAMI THEY'RE ALLOWED
• SUTTAPITIAKA- BY ANAND- CODIFIES BUDDHA TEACHINGS'S

  VINAYPITAKA- REQ FOR ENTERING BUDDHIST SANGHA

  ABHIDHAMMA PITAKA - PHILOSPHICAL INERPRETATAION OF BUDDHA'S TEACHINGS
• ASHOKA SENT HIS SON MAHENDRA AND DAUGHTER SANGHAMITRA TO SPREAD BUDDHISM - SRI LANKA
• KUMAGUPTA I- EST - NALANDA MAHAVIHAR - FOR BUDDHIST LEARNING - RICH LIBRARY AND RESIDENTIAL CAMPUS.

  • CONCEPT OF DWAR -PARIKSA OR ENTRANCE EXAMINATION.
  • DESTROYED BY BAKHTIYAR KHILJI
• BUDDHIST MONKS WHO CAN ATTAIN NIRVANA BUT DELIBERATELY DELAYED TO HELP OTHERS ATTAIN IT CALLED BODDHISATTVAS AND THEIR FEMALE COUNTERPARTS CALLED TARAS.

  • THEIR WORSHIPPERS CALLED VAJRAYANA - ELEMENTS SIMILAR TO TANTRICISM