bio

• The kidneys filter waste products from the blood and produce urine.
• Respiration:

  • Understand how the process of respiration produces ATP in living organisms
  • Know that ATP provides energy for cells
  • Describe the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration
  • Know the word equation and the balanced chemical symbol equation for aerobic respiration in living organisms
  • Know the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and in animals
  • Practical: investigate the evolution of carbon dioxide and heat from respiring seeds or other suitable living organisms
• Gas exchange in Humans:

  • Describe the structure of the thorax, including the ribs, intercostal muscles, diaphragm, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and pleural membranes
  • Understand the role of the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm in ventilation
  • Explain how alveoli are adapted for gas exchange by diffusion between air in the lungs and blood in capillaries
  • Understand the biological consequences of smoking in relation to the lungs and the circulatory system, including coronary heart disease
• Transport in Humans:

  • Understand why simple, unicellular organisms can rely on diffusion for movement of substances in and out of the cell
  • Understand the need for a transport system in multicellular organisms
  • Describe the composition of the blood: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma
  • Understand the role of plasma in the transport of carbon dioxide, digested food, urea, hormones, and heat energy
  • Understand how adaptations of red blood cells make them suitable for the transport of oxygen, including shape, the absence of a nucleus, and the presence of hemoglobin
• • Understand how the immune system responds to disease using white blood cells, illustrated by phagocytes ingesting pathogens and lymphocytes releasing antibodies specific to the pathogen
  • Understand how vaccination results in the manufacture of memory cells, which enable future antibody production to the pathogen to occur sooner, faster, and in greater quantity
  • Understand how platelets are involved in blood clotting, which prevents blood loss and the entry of microorganisms
  • Describe the structure of the heart and how it functions
• • Explain how the heart rate changes during exercise and under the influence of adrenaline
  • Understand how factors may increase the risk of developing coronary heart disease
  • Understand how the structure of arteries, veins, and capillaries relate to their function
  • Understand the general structure of the circulation system, including the blood vessels to and from the heart and lungs, liver, and kidneys
• Excretion in Humans:

  • Know the excretory products of the lungs, kidneys, and skin (organs of excretion)
  • Understand how the kidney carries out its roles of excretion and osmoregulation
  • Describe the structure of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
  • Describe the structure of a nephron, including the Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus, convoluted tubules, loop of Henle, and collecting duct
  • Describe ultrafiltration in the Bowman’s capsule and the composition of the glomerular filtrate
• • Understand how water is reabsorbed into the blood from the collecting duct
  • Understand why selective reabsorption of glucose occurs at the proximal convoluted tubule
  • Describe the role of ADH in regulating the water content of the blood
  • Understand that urine contains water, urea, and ions
• • Understand that the central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord and is linked to sense organs by nerves
  • Understand that stimulation of receptors in the sense organs sends electrical impulses along nerves into and out of the central nervous system, resulting in rapid responses
  • Understand the role of neurotransmitters at synapses
  • Describe the structure and functioning of a simple reflex arc illustrated by the withdrawal of a finger from a hot object
  • Describe the structure and function of the eye as a receptor
• Coordination and response:

  • Understand how organisms are able to respond to changes in their environment
  • Understand that homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment, and that body water content and body temperature are both examples of homeostasis
  • Understand that a coordinated response requires a stimulus, a receptor, and an effector
  • Describe how nervous and hormonal communication control responses and understand the differences between the two systems
• • Understand the function of the eye in focusing on near and distant objects, and in responding to changes in light intensity
  • Describe the role of the skin in temperature regulation, with reference to sweating, vasoconstriction, and vasodilation
• The lungs, kidneys, and skin are the organs of excretion
• Organisms can respond to changes in their environment
• Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment, including body water content and body temperature
• A coordinated response requires a stimulus, a receptor, and an effector
• Nervous and hormonal communication control responses, with the central nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord
• Stimulation of receptors in sense organs sends electrical impulses along nerves into and out of the central nervous system, resulting in rapid responses
• The skin plays a role in temperature regulation through sweating, vasoconstriction, and vasodilation
• Hairs aid in helping the body retain heat by trapping air close to the skin
• Vasodilation increases blood flow to the skin's surface, while vasoconstriction reduces blood flow to conserve heat
• Sweating cools the body through the evaporation of sweat, which removes heat from the body
• The rate of respiration and metabolic rate in cells impact overall body temperature
• Neurotransmitters play a role at synapses in transmitting nerve impulses
• A simple reflex arc involves a stimulus, receptor, sensory neuron, relay neuron, motor neuron, and effector
• Reflex actions are rapid and unlearned responses to stimuli
• The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, linked to sense organs by nerves
• The sources, roles, and effects of hormones like adrenaline, insulin, testosterone, progesterone, estrogen, ADH, and FSH are important to understand
• The eye functions as a receptor, with structures like the iris, pupil, lens, and retina playing key roles
• The eye can focus on near and distant objects, responding to changes in light intensity through accommodation
• CORMMSS


  Change, Organism, Measure (1), Measure (2), Same (1), Same (2)
• DORIC


  Dependent variable, Organisms, Repeats, Independent variable, Control variable(s)
• When drawing a line or graph, it has to be one smooth line, not sketched
• Dependent variable


  Goes on the Y axis
• Independent variable


  Goes on the X axis
• Mean/average


  Sum of all values/no. of values
• Range


  Highest value - lowest value
• Interquartile range


  Upper quartile - lower quartile
• Upper quartile


  Middle value between max and median values
• Lower quartile


  Middle value between min and median values
• Median


  No. of values/2 + 1 (if needed)