Reading and Writing

• Brainstorming involves creating an idea list about a particular topic to find the main idea and supporting details
• Graphic organizers are visual representations of concepts that help structure information into organizational patterns
• They present essential information and connect these pieces of information into a coherent framework
• Helpful tools for brainstorming, facilitating reading and writing, promoting active learning, and accessing previous knowledge and experiences
• Outlines are tools for organizing ideas, used as pre-writing strategies and post-reading activities
• Can be decimal outlines (using numbers as labels) or alphanumeric outlines (using letters and numbers as labels)
• Principle of parallel construction requires all entries in each cluster to use the same structure and format
• Pattern of development is the logical arrangement of ideas
• Presents information in a clear and logical way
• VENN DIAGRAM - is used to compare and contrast ideas and events. This diagram uses two or more overlapping circles to show similar and different attributes.
•  NETWORK TREE - is used to represent hierarchy, classification, and branching. It is useful in showing relationships of scientific categories, family trees, and even lineages
• SPIDERMAP or SEMANTIC MAP (also known as semantic map) - is used to investigate and enumerate various aspects of a central idea, which could be a concept, topic, or theme. This central idea is placed at the center of the map. The main idea is placed along its diagonal line, while details of the main idea are placed on the sides of the diagonals.
• Problem-Solution Map - displays the nature of the problem and how it can be solved. This map usually contains the problem's description, its causes and effects, and logical solutions.
• LINEAR TIMELINE - is used to show how events occurred chronologically through a long bar labeled with dates and specific events.
• Timelines can be linear or comparative.
• A linear timeline shows how events happened within one period while a comparative timeline shows two sets of events that happened within the same period.
• PLOT DIAGRAM- is a tool used to map events in a story. It is used to analyze the major parts of a

  plot.
• SERIES OF EVENTS CHAIN - is used to show the logical sequence of events
• FISHBONE MAP - is used to better understand the casual relationship of a complex phenomenon. It shows the factors that causes a specific event or problem, as well as details of each cause.
• CYCLE - describes how a series of events interact to produce a set of results repeatedly. Some examples of events require a cycle are water cycle, metamorphosis, and poverty cycle.
• PERSUASION MAP - is used to map out arguments and evidence that prove a viewpoint. This map is especially useful when processing persuasive or argumentative texts.
• Venn Diagram

  
• Network Tree

  A)

  
• Spidermap or Semantic Map

  
• Problem-Solution Map

  
• Linear Timeline

  
• Series of events Chain

  
• Fishbone Map

  
• Cycle

  
• Persuasion Map

  
• Plot Diagram

  
• Alphanumerical Outline - uses roman numerals, alphabet letters and numbers
• Decimal Outline - only uses numbers.
•  A topic Outline uses words and phrases as its entries.
• Generally, a topic outline is used if the ideas being discussed can be arranged in a number of ways.
• A sentence outline uses complete sentences as its entries.
• You use a sentence outline when the topic being discussed is complicated and requires details.
• Pattern of development - logical arrangement of ideas.
• Definition - to clarify and explain. It also answers the question “What does it mean?”
• Exemplification - gives an example