Light

• Concave mirror is known as a converging mirror
• Only plane mirrors and convex mirrors display virtual images
• Concave mirrors form real images
• Convex mirrors form real images
• Convex mirrors are diverging mirrors
• In a plane mirror, images are erect
• The size of an object is equal to the size of the image formed in the plane mirror
• Images in a plane mirror are laterally inverted
• According to the first law of reflection, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection
• According to the second law of reflection, the incidence, the reflection and the normal lies on the same plane
• the incident ray is the ray that falls on the mirror
• reflected ray is the ray that bounces from the mirror
• the angle between the incident ray and the normal is known as the angle of incidence
• The angle between the reflected ray and the normal is called the angle of reflection
• the perpendicular line drawn to the surface, at the point of incidence is called the normal
• centre of the sphere which forms the image is called it's centre of curvature denoted by C
• The centre of the reflecting surface of the spherical mirror is known as it's pole denoted by P
• The straight line passing through the pole and centre of curvature of a spherical mirror is called as principal axis
• The distance between the pole and the centre of curvature of a spherical mirror is called it's radius of curvature denoted by R
• A point on the principal axis at which the rays after reflection from a concave mirror meet at is called the principal focus
• A point on the principal axis from which the rays after reflection from a convex mirror appear to diverge at the principal focus
• The distance between the pole and the focus is known as focal length
• When the object is at infinity in a concave mirror, the image is formed at F
• when the object is at beyond C in a concave mirror, the image is formed between F and C
• when the object is at C in a concave mirror, the image is formed at C
• when the object is between F and C in a concave mirror, the image is formed at beyond C
• When the object is at F in a concave mirror, the image is formed at infinity
• when the object is between F and P in a concave mirror, the image is formed behind the mirror
• When the object is at infinity in a convex mirror, the image is formed at F
• when the object is between P and infinity in a convex mirror, the image is formed between P and F
• Mirror formula : 1/f = 1/v + 1/u
• magnification (m) = -v/u
• When light travels from one medium to another medium, light bends. This bending of light is called refraction
• When light travels from a rarer medium to a denser medium, the refracted ray bends towards the normal
• when light travels from a denser medium to a rarer medium, light bends away from the normal
• A term that is used to refer to the speed of light in a medium is called refractive index
• The more the refractive index, the more the bending of light