PROPERTIES OF LIQUID

• Surface Tension:

  • Measure of elastic force in the surface of a liquid
  • Amount of energy required to stretch or increase the surface of a liquid by a unit area
• Capillary Action:

  • Tendency of a liquid to rise in narrow tubes or be drawn into small openings
  • Result of intermolecular attraction between the liquid and solid materials
• Cohesion:

  • Attraction of molecules to other molecules of the same kind
• Adhesion:

  • Attraction of one kind of molecule to a different kind
  • Can be quite strong for water, especially with other molecules bearing positive or negative charges
• Viscosity:

  • Resistance of liquids to flow
  • Directly proportional to Intermolecular forces
• Incompressibility of Liquid:

  • Liquid molecules are already close together, making them resistant to compression compared to gases
• Diffusibility:

  • Property of liquid allowing another liquid or solid to dissolve or diffuse through it
• Evaporation:

  • Process by which a substance transitions from its liquid state to its gaseous state
• Vapor Pressure:

  • Pressure exerted by the gas in equilibrium with a liquid in a closed container at a given temperature
• Boiling Point:

  • Temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the external pressure
• Molar Heat of Vaporization:

  • Amount of energy required to vaporize one mole of a substance at its boiling point
• Basic Properties of Water:

  • Colorless, odorless, tasteless liquid at room temperature
  • Solid form (ice) at 0°C and gas form (steam) at 100°C under standard atmospheric pressure
• Unique Properties of Water:

  • Solvent Properties:
  • Water is an excellent solvent due to its polarity, dissolving many substances
  • High Specific Heat:
  • Water has a high specific heat, meaning it requires a lot of energy to change its temperature
  • High Boiling Point:
  • Water's boiling point is relatively high compared to other substances
  • Density of Solid Water:
  • Solid water (ice) is less dense than liquid water, causing it to float
  • Unlike most liquids, the molecules in solid water are spaced further apart, creating an open structure
• • Hydrogen bonding in solid water results in unoccupied spaces, making it occupy a larger volume than liquid water
• The viscosity of liquids is the resistance to flow.
• Viscous liquids are thicker, while less viscous liquids are thinner.
• Liquid with high viscosity flows slowly, while liquid with low viscosity flows quickly.
• Addition of solutes increases viscosity.
• Increasing temperature decreases viscosity as kinetic energy increases.
• Increasing temperature decreases viscosity.
• Surface tension refers to the force that holds molecules together at the surface of a liquid.
• Surface tension causes insects like beetles and spiders to float on water.
• A decrease in surface tension causes bubbles to form more easily.
• Surface tension refers to the force that holds together the surface layer of a liquid.
• The higher the cohesion between molecules, the greater the surface tension.
• The higher the boiling point, the greater the intermolecular forces between particles.
• Water has a relatively high surface tension due to its strong intermolecular forces.
• Water has a relatively high boiling point due to strong hydrogen bonds between its molecules.
• A drop of water on a leaf is spherical because it minimizes contact area with air, reducing surface tension.
• The higher the cohesion, the lower the surface tension.
• Boiling is when the vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure.
• Cohesive forces are stronger than adhesive forces, causing liquids to have high surface tensions.
• Vaporization occurs when the heat added exceeds the latent heat of evaporation.
• Liquid droplets tend to take spherical shapes due to their strong cohesive forces.
• Water has a relatively low surface tension compared to other liquids.
• Increasing temperature decreases viscosity because it increases kinetic energy, causing particles to move faster and collide with one another more frequently.
• Liquids have no fixed shape or volume but take the shape of their container.
• Surface Tension:

  • Measure of elastic force in the surface of a liquid
  • Amount of energy required to stretch or increase the surface of a liquid by a unit area
• Capillary Action:

  • Tendency of a liquid to rise in narrow tubes or be drawn into small openings
  • Result of intermolecular attraction between the liquid and solid materials
• Cohesion:

  • Attraction of molecules to other molecules of the same kind