Streamflow II

• What are the two broad classifications of indirect methods for streamflow measurement?

  Flow measuring structures and slope area method
• Structures like notches, weirs, flumes, and sluice gates are used in hydraulic laboratories for flow measurement
• The discharge over a flow measuring structure depends solely on the water-surface elevation at a specified upstream location.
• In the discharge equation for a weir, K and n represent the system constants
• What type of flow occurs when it is independent of the downstream water level?

  Free flow
• Submerged flow over a weir is affected by downstream water conditions.
• Free flow occurs when the water surface downstream from the weir is lower than the crest
• What is the term for the overflowing stream in a weir?

  Nappe
• A suppressed weir is also known as a full-width weir.
• What is the head of a weir measured from?

  Liquid surface to crest
• Broad-crested weirs are typically made of concrete or masonry.
• What is the primary mechanism that produces a control section in a flume?

  Width constriction
• Manning's formula is an example of a resistance equation for open-channel flow.
• What are the two components of head loss in open-channel flow?

  Frictional loss and eddy loss
• The slope-area method is a versatile indirect method for discharge estimation.
• The first step in developing a stage-discharge relationship is to establish the G-Q relationship.
• What type of control does a stream exhibit if its stage-discharge relationship remains constant over time?

  Permanent
• The rating equation of a stream can be used to estimate discharge for a given gauge reading within the data range used in its derivation.