english

• An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb
• Adverbs provide information about how, when, where, or to what extent an action happens
• Adverbs of manner describe how an action is done
• Adverbs of manner answer the question 'how'
• Adverbs of time tell when an action is occurring
• Adverbs of time include general time periods and specific times
• Adverbs of time answer the question 'when'
• Adverbs of place indicate where the action is taking place
• Adverbs of place answer the question 'where'
• Adverbs of frequency denote how often an action or event is happening
• Adverbs of frequency answer the question 'how often'
• Adverbs of degree indicate how intense an action or quality is
• Adverbs of degree describe adjectives and adverbs
• Conjunctive adverbs link two sentences or clauses together
• Conjunctive adverbs act like a conjunction
• Action research is a research method that aims to simultaneously investigate and solve an issue
• Characteristics of Research:

  • Accuracy: must provide correct or accurate data, documented or acknowledged appropriately
  • Objectiveness: must deal with facts, not opinions
  • Timeliness: must work on fresh, new, and interesting topics
  • Relevance: topic must improve society or solve problems
  • Clarity: must express central points using simple, direct language
  • Systematic: must take place in an organized manner
• Parts of Action Research:

  • Title
  • Introduction
  • Research Questions
  • Hypothesis
  • Brief review of related literature and studies
  • Scope and limitations
  • Statistical tools
  • Methodology
• Benefits of Research:

  • Helps move from practice to theory
  • Helps evaluate one's practice
  • Empowers the community and gives ownership
  • Helps in solving problems
• Quantitative Research involves measurement of data in numerical forms

  Qualitative Research requires non-numerical data and uses words to express results
• Variables of the study:

  • Independent Variable (IV): Topic or problem affecting the dependent variable
  • Dependent Variable (DV): Receives the effect of the IV
• Introduction:

  • Provides context leading to the addressed problem
  • Overview of the purpose and focus of the study
• Research Questions:

  • Clearly define the problem or question to address

  Hypothesis:

  • Statement of expectation or prediction to be tested
  • Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis:
  • Clearly stated, precise, and researchable
  • Objectively worded, enabling fair testing
  • Must provide an answer to the research question
• Types of Hypothesis:

  • Simple Hypothesis
  • Complex Hypothesis
  • Directional (One-tailed) Hypothesis
  • Non-directional (Two-tailed) Hypothesis
  • Null Hypothesis (H0)
  • Alternative Hypothesis (H1 or Ha)
  • Research Hypothesis
  • Statistical Hypothesis
  • Descriptive Hypothesis
  • Causal Hypothesis
• Non-directional (two-tailed) hypothesis predicts a relationship between variables without specifying the direction
• Null hypothesis (H0) states that there is no significant relationship or effect between variables
• Alternative hypothesis (H1 or Ha) contrasts the null hypothesis by suggesting a significant relationship or effect
• Research hypothesis predicts a specific outcome based on existing theories or previous research
• Statistical hypothesis involves a statement about the parameters of a population and is often tested using statistical methods
• Descriptive hypothesis focuses on describing the characteristics of a particular group or phenomenon without predicting a specific relationship
• Causal hypothesis proposes a cause-and-effect relationship between variables