Energy for exercise

• What does ATP stand for?

  Adenosine triphosphate
• What is ATP made up of?

  One adenosine and three phosphate groups
• How are the phosphate groups in ATP held together?

  By bonds of chemical energy
• Why is ATP called the 'immediately usable' form of energy?

  It is readily available for energy needs
• Where is ATP stored in the body?

  In muscle cells
• What happens to energy when the bond between the last two phosphate groups in ATP is broken?

  Energy is released for cellular processes
• What is the enzyme that breaks down ATP?

  ATPase
• What is the result of breaking down ATP?

  ADP, inorganic phosphate, and energy
• How does ATP contribute to muscle contraction?

  It releases energy for muscle cell contraction
• What is the process of ATP breakdown and resynthesis?

  • ATP → ADP + Pi + energy (breakdown)
  • ADP + Pi + energy → ATP (resynthesis)
• How much ATP can the body store?

  85 grams
• How long can stored ATP last in the body?

  About 2 seconds
• What must happen to maintain exercise beyond 2 seconds?

  ATP must be resynthesized
• What are the energy systems that depend on ATP resynthesis?

  • ATP/PC system
  • Glycolytic system
  • Aerobic system
• How do energy systems work together?

  They can operate simultaneously during exercise
• What does the performance of each system depend on?

  The intensity of the exercise
• How can two systems operate simultaneously?

  They can be working at the same time
• What is the ATP/PC system?

  A system that uses anaerobic coupled reactions
• What is a characteristic of anaerobic coupled reactions?

  Products of one reaction are used in another
• What type of reaction occurs in the glycolytic system?

  Anaerobic reaction
• What is the significance of the term 'aerobic' in energy systems?

  It refers to systems that require oxygen
• What is the chemical fuel for reactions in aerobic systems?

  Glucose
• What is the site of reaction in energy systems?

  Where the biochemical reactions occur
• What role do controlling enzymes play in energy systems?

  They regulate the biochemical reactions
• What does the energy yield of a system refer to?

  The amount of energy produced per reaction
• What is phosphocreatine (PC)?

  A molecule that donates phosphate to ADP
• What is the result of one mole of ATP breakdown?

  Produces energy and ADP + P
• What is the glycolytic system's primary substrate?

  Glucose
• What happens to glucose during anaerobic glycolysis?

  It is converted to lactic acid
• What is the chemical equation for Anaerobic respiration?

  C6H12O6 + 2C3 H6 O6
• What are the stages of aerobic glycolysis?

  1. Glycolysis
  2. Krebs cycle
  3. Electron transport chain
• What is the final product of aerobic glycolysis?

  6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
• What is the role of acetyl CoA in energy systems?

  It enters the Krebs cycle for energy production
• How many moles of ATP are produced in aerobic glycolysis?

  38 moles of ATP
• What are the stages of aerobic glycolysis?

  1. Glycolysis
  2. Krebs cycle
  3. Electron transport chain
• What is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration?

  C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
• What is the significance of energy in biological systems?

  It powers cellular processes and functions
• What is the role of the electron transport chain?

  It produces ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
• What is the overall equation for aerobic respiration?

  C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2> + 6 H2O + energy
• How do aerobic and anaerobic systems differ in energy production?

  Aerobic systems require oxygen, anaerobic do not