BT Stones

• Strength -  most types of stones have more adequate compressive strength.

  The shear strength of stone, however is usually about 1/10 of its compressive strength 
• Hardness - is important when stone is used for flooring, paving, and stair treads
• Durability - resistance to weathering, effects of rain, wind, heat, and frost action is necessary for exterior stonework
• Workability - a stones hardness and grain texture must allow it to be quarried, cut, and shaped

   
• Density - a stones porosity affects its ability to withstand frost action and staining

   
• Appearance - factors include color, grain, and texture

   
• Igneous Rock - Is formed by the crystallization of molten magma, as granite, obsidian, and malachite
• Igneous Rock - Is formed by the crystallization of molten magma, as granite, obsidian, and malachite
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  Metamorphic Rock - Has undergone a change in structure, texture, or composition, due to the natural agencies, as heat and pressure, especially when the rock becomes harder and more crystalline, as marble and slate
• Sedimentary Rock - Is formed by the deposition of sediments by glacial action, as limestone, sandstone, and shale

   
• rubble - consists of rough fragments of broken stone that have at least one good face for exposure in a wall
• dimension stones - is quarried and squared stone 2’ or more in length and width and of specified thickness, used specifically used commonly for wall panels, cornices, copings, lintels, and flooring
• flagstones - refers to flat stone slabs used for flooring and horizontal surfacing

   
• crushed stones - is used as aggregate in concrete products

   
• Argillite - formed from clay, dark blue with faint shades of green.

   
• Limestone - sedimentary rock like dolomite, no cleavage lines, low in absorption, smooth, uniform structure and composition.

   
• Travertine - Sedimentary rock, pleasing texture with small natural pockets on a cut surface.

   
• Marble - metamorphic rock, a recrystallized limestone forming into carara, parian, onyx, and vermont.
• Serpentine - Typically olive green to greenish black but impurities may color the rock. Used for interiors due to weathering
• Sandstone - a class of rock of cemented silica grains with texture ranging from very fine to very coarse.
• Stone construction - largely used as facing for building material with steel and concrete frames
• Paneling - thin slabs of stone cut to dimensions and thickness to cover back up walls and provide finished exterior

   
• ashlar - work requires the use of cut stones that include broken ashlars

   
• coursed ashlar - ashlar masonry laid out in courses of equal height; blocks

   
• random ashlar - laid out without regular courses

   
• rubble work - random and no attempt to produce an orderly course either horizontal or vertical

  coursed rubble fieldstone or roughly dressed stone, with or without mortar, assemble to give effect of courses

   
• fieldstone - stone found on the ground (i.e., not quarried) that is suitable size and shape for use as drywall or rubble masonry

   
• trim - Stone cut for specific purposes like : jambs, sills, copings, cornices, lintels, arch stone(voussoirs)

   
• Rusticated - a term describing stone masonry with a recessed cut margin, so a channel is formed when blocks are aligned.

   
• Sand finish – granulated

   
• sawn face - stone exhibiting the marks left by the saw used to cut it
• split face - course texture, natural quarry texture
• cobblestone- a stone used in paving.
• Durex Blocks - roughly cubed, usually granite blocks used for paving
• Slate Rock - metamorphosis of clays and shales deposited in layers.
• running Bond - a masonry bond from which the joints are separated by a space of 1/2 the width of the bond
• stack bond - aligned vertically and horizontally
• rock face - a stone finish with emphasized face-plane shifts and rough corners, exaggerating the natural look of stone