Urinar

• Nephrology

  the scientific study of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the kidneys
• Urology

  -        The branch of medicine that deals with the male and female urinary systems and the male reproductive system.
• Urologist

  -        A physician who specializes in this branch of medicine.
• THREE LAYERS OF KINDEY (from outer to inner)

  • Renal capsule
  • Adipose capsule
  • Renal fascia
• Osmolarity

  -        measure of the total number of dissolved particles per liter of solution
• Retroperitoneal

  -        their position is posterior (retro-) to the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity
• Renal Arteries

  -        Blood supply of kidneys
• Glomerulus

  -        The filtering unit of kidney
• Juxtamedullary Nephrons

  -        15 – 20% of nephrons

  -        Larger

  -        Located at medulla-cortex junction
• Nephrons

  -        functional units of kidney

  -        1 million per kidney
• Cortical Nephron

  -        80 – 85% of nephrons

  -        Smaller

  -        Located at upper renal cortex
• Glomerular Capsule (Bowman’s Capsule)

  -        Double-walled enclosure of the glomerulus of a nephron
• NEPHRONS THREE BASIC TASKS:

  Glomerular filtration → Tubular secretion → Tubular reabsorption
• Glomerular Filtrate

  Fluid that is filtered by glomeruli enters the capsular space
• Urinalysis

  analysis of the volume and physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of a urine sample
• Normal Urine

  -        contains about 95% water and 5% solutes.

  -        The solutes normally include urea, creatinine, uric acid, urobilinogen, and various ions.
• Renal Clearance

  refers to the ability of the kidneys to clear (remove) a specific substance from blood
• Ureters

  -        retroperitoneal and consist of a mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia.

  -        They transport urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder, primarily via peristalsis.
• Micturition reflex is the discharge of urine from the urinary bladder triggered by stretch receptors