PHYSISCI

• physical Science - Deals with the study of non-living matter, energy
• Physical science, the systematic study of the inorganic world, is distinct from the study of the organic world, which is the province of biological science.
• The Big Bang was NOT an explosion that carried matter outward from a point. It refers to the rapid inflation of space itself.
• Physical Science


  Deals with the study of non-living matter, energy, the physical properties of the universe itself, summing up the inorganic world
• Areas of Physical Science

  • Astronomy
  • Physics
  • Chemistry
  • Earth Sciences
• Physics


  The science of matter, energy, space, and time. The study of the interactions between physical systems. Deals with the structure of matter and the interactions between fundamental constituents of the observable universe
• Chemistry


  The science that studies the composition, structure, and properties of matter. Describes matter-its properties, the changes it undergoes and the energy changes that accompany those processes
• Astronomy


  The science which deals with celestial objects, space, and the physical universe as a whole
• Earth Science


  The science which deals with the planet Earth. The study of Earth and its neighbor in space
• Big Bang Theory


  The theory that the universe began from a single point then stretched and expanded to get as big as it is now, and that it could keep on stretching
• The Big Bang model does not need a cause to be a valid theory. It simply needs to show that observations and evidence validate its assumptions
• Georges Lemaitre


  A Belgian priest who first suggested the Big Bang theory in the 1920s
• Fred Hoyle


  Coined the term "Big Bang"
• George Gamow


  Contributed to the understanding of the nucleus of the atom, the activity of stars, the creation of the elements, and the genetic code of life
• Supporting evidences for the Big Bang Theory

  • Abundance of Elements (Hydrogen and Helium)
  • Red Shift
  • Cosmic Microwave Background
• Stages of the Big Bang Theory

  1. The universe may have begun as an infinitely hot and dense initial singularity

  2. All of it then began to rapidly expand in a process known as inflation

  3. The universe cooled down as it expanded

  4. Electrons started to bind to ionized protons and nuclei forming neutral atoms in a process called recombination

  5. Gravity caused these atoms to collapse onto one another to form stars and galaxies and eventually, other matter
• Sequence of Events in the Big Bang Theory

  • No matter existed; only energy and the four (4) natural forces
  • Gravity then strong force split away and universe continued to cool down
  • Universe starts expanding rapidly, from the size of an atom to size of an apple
  • Electromagnetic force the weak nuclear force split away and the universe got its four natural forces
  • Beginning of the formation of the subatomic particles- The Big Bang Nucleosynthesis- resulting to the existence of the first chemical elements; Hydrogen, and Helium
  • Universe has the ability to create matter (Start of Matter Era)
  • Formation of Hydrogen creating all other atoms and elements
  • Seedlings of galaxies started to form that eventually created stars and planets
• Big Bang Nucleosynthesis

  The process of creating new atomic nuclei from pre-existing nuclei. Combination of neutron and another particle. As the universe expands, it cools, until its temperature reached to the point that protons and neutrons could combine when they collided
• Isotope

  Atoms of the same element with different masses
• Deuteron

  The nucleus of deuterium, consists of one (1) proton and one (1) neutron
• Nucleus

  Consists of a proton (positively charged)
• Stellar Nucleosynthesis

  The origin and production of heavy elements all the way to Iron (Fe)
• Supernova Nucleosynthesis


  The formation of elements heavier than Iron (Fe) during a supernova, the star releases an enormous amount of energy as well as neutrons
• Star


  A self-luminous celestial body that generates nuclear energy within its cores. It contains two main gases: Hydrogen and Helium. Stars are sources of light and heat. Stars are massive balls of gas that create energy through nuclear fusion
• Formation of a star

  A cloud of gas and dust shrinks into a ball. The ball gets hotter and hotter until it starts to glow as a newborn star. An average star shines for billions of years burning up its gases. When it runs out of fuel, it swells up in a reddish color known as the red giant, and this now begins to manufacture carbon atoms by burning helium
• Nuclear fusion


  A nuclear reaction when lighter elements combine to form heavier elements with the release of energy (thermonuclear reaction)
• Stellar Nucleosynthesis


  The process by which elements are formed within the stars as result of nuclear fusion
• Alpha fusion process

  1. Two helium atoms fusing to give a Beryllium atom

  2. Beryllium atom fusing to give a Carbon atom

  3. After the formation of Carbon, additional reactions follow
• Supernova


  A massive explosion of a star, it is the largest explosion that takes place at the end of a star's life cycle. It causes elements in the stars to be distributed in space, which become seedlings around which planets are formed. The explosion gives off a massive amount of energy leading to the formation of elements heavier than Iron (Fe)
• 1. process

  A sequence of rapid neutron capture by a heavy seeded nucleus. In a rapid neutron capture, a speeding neutron collides with a nucleus of an element resulting in the absorption of this neutron. The neutron decays into a proton which is accompanied by an emission of an electromagnetic energy indicated by a gamma ray, with this new proton, a heavier element thus formed
• Atom


  The smallest particle of an element that maintains its chemical identity through all chemical and physical changes
• Atomic number (Z)


  The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom which determines its identity
• Development of Atomic Theory

  • Democritus (460 BC) - Proposed the existence of the atom
  • Aristotle - Did not think there was a limit to the number of times matter could be divided, thought all substances were built up from only four elements
  • John Dalton (1766-1844) - All substances are made of atoms that cannot be created, divided, or destroyed, atoms of the same element are exactly alike, atoms of different elements are different in mass and size
  • J.J. Thomson (1856-1940) - Atoms contain negatively charged particles called electrons and positively charged matter
  • Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937) - Small, dense, positively charged particle present in nucleus called a proton, electrons travel around the nucleus, but their exact places cannot be described
  • Neils Bohr (1913) - Electrons travel around the nucleus in definite paths and fixed distances, electrons can jump from one level to a path in another level
  • Erwin Schrodinger (1924) - The exact path of electrons cannot be predicted, the region referred to as the electron cloud, is an area where electrons can likely be found
  • James Chadwick (1932) - Neutrons have no electric charge
• Electrons


  Travel around the nucleus in definite paths and fixed distances
• Electrons


  Can jump from one level to a path in another level
• Bohr's Model

  • Electrons move with constant speed in fixed orbits around the nucleus, like planets around a sun
  • Electrons move in paths at certain distances around the nucleus
• Electrons

  Can jump from a path on one level to a path on another level
• Erwin Schrodinger

  Austrian physicist; developed the electron cloud model
• Electron Cloud Model


  • The exact path of electrons cannot be predicted
  • The region referred to as the electron cloud, is an area where electrons can likely be found
• James Chadwick


  English physicist; discovered neutrons