quiz guide chpter 6-7- part of 8

• behaviorism: portion that psychology should concern itself only with what people and animals do and the circumstances too.
• stimulus- response psychology

  attempt to explain behaviors in terms of hoy each stimulus triggers a response
• classical conditioning

  • unconditioned reflexes- the inate reaction of the organism
  • unconditioned stimulus- an event that automatically provoke an unconditioned response
  • unconditioned response- the reaction that the unconditioned stimulus provoke
  • conditioned stimulus- depends on the previous conditions
  • conditioned response- whatever response the conditioned stimulus provoke as a result of the training procedure
• stimulus generalization

  extension of a conditioned response from the training stimulus to similar stimuli
• blocking effect


  when we have an strong association to one stimulus, a response or idea can be blocked
• operant conditioning


  active behavior that operates upon the environment to generate consequences.
• visceral response


  responses of the internal organs
• skeletal responses

  movements of leg muscles and arm muscles
• punishment


  a consequence received as a response of an action
• • negative reinforcement- method that can be used to help teach specific behaviors
  • positive reinforcement- a desirable stimulus to encourage certain behavior
• shaping


  training a learned behavior that would not normally occur.
• chaining


  intervention that create associations between behavior (create a behavior chain)
• conditioned taste aversions


  associating food with illness
• social-learning approach


  learning behaviors by observing those behaviors in others
• • vicarious reinforcement: making someone else experience in your own
  • vicarious punishment: decrease in the frequency of certain behaviors as a result of seeng others punished for the same actions.
• declarative memories:

  memories we can state in words
• procedural memories


  memories of how to do something. (walking)
• free recall


  to produce a response such as on a short-answer test
• cued recall


  significant hints are received
• implicit memory


  information that is unintentionally memorized
• explicit memory

  (the conscious)information that is intentionally recollected
• chunking


  separating information in groups creating sequences
• short-term memory: temporary storage of recent events(30 seconds)
• long-term memory: relatively permaments storage
• primacy effect


  tendency to remember the first items
• recency effect


  tendency to remember the final items
• anterograde amnesia


  inability to store new long-term memories
• retrograde amnesia


  loss of memory for events that occur shortly before the brain damage
• preattentive process


  stands out immediately
• attentive process


  requires searching through the items
• choice blindness


  people are blind to their own choices
• change blindness


  failure to detect changes
• spreading activation


  model for the association of ideas and memories
• kahnerman´s system 1


  quick automatic processes, saves energy and time
• kahnerman´s system 2


  heavily worok on memories, requires more attentintion
• representativeness heuristic

  assumption that an item that look like a member of one category is probably also in that category
• availability heuristic


  a mental shortcut that look for an inmediate example when evaluating an specific item
• framing effect


  tendency to answer a question differently when it is framed differently
• sunk-cost effect


  our tendency to continue with something we´ve invested money, effort or time into even if it is undesirable