infection and response-monoclonal antibodeis and plant diseases

• what are plants mechanical defenses?

  1) thorns or hairs

  2) droopy leaves

  3) mimic other organisms
• what are plants chemical defenses?

  1) antibacterial chemicals

  2) poisons
• what are plants physcial defenses?

  1) waxy cuticle to provide a barrier from pathogens

  2) cellulose

  3) layers of dead cells eg bark
• How do you identify what the disease is?

  gardening manuals , lab , test kits
• what are the signs plant has disease?

  stunted growth , spots on leaves , patches of decay , abnormal growths , malformed leaves or stem and discolouration
• what does a lack of magnesium cause?

  Makes chlorophyll for photosynthesis so with a lack off plants suffer with chlorosis and have yellow leaves.
• what does lack of nitrates cause in plants?

  stunted growth becuase nitrates make protein and therefore growth.
• what are the advantages to monoclonal antibodies?

  Monoclonal antibodies only attack cancer cells unlike chemo which attacks all cells.
• what are the disadvantges to monoclonal antibodies?

  cause more side effects than expected eg fever, vomiting and low blood pressure.
• how are monoclonal antibodies used to find specific substances?

  monoclonal antibodies are made that will bind to the specific molecules you're looking for which are then bound to a fluorescent dye.If molecules are present in the sample the antibody will attach to them and be detected.
• how can antibodies be used to treat cancer?

  cancer cells have antigens called tumour markers so in a lab you can make monoclonal antibodies to bind to tumour makers. Then a anticancer drug can be attached .These are then giving to patients.
• how are monoclonal antibodies used to treat disease?

  as different cells have different antigens you are able to make antibodies that bind to specific cells.
• what are the different uses of monoclonal antibodies?

  - treat disease

  - find specific substances
• How do pregnancy tests work?

  1) the area where your urine goes has some antibodies to the hormone with blue beads attached

  2) the test strip has some antibodies to the hormone stuck on it.

  3) if your pregnant the hormone binds to the antibodies on the blue beads .the urine moves up the stick carrying the hormone and beads . the beads and hormone bind to antibodies on the strip so blue beads stick to the strip turning it blue.
• what hormone is found in a pregnant woman's urine?

  HCG
• How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

  - mouse immunised by injection of antigen to stimulate production of antibodies

  - plasma cells isolated from spleen

  - plasma cells fuse with tumour cells to form a hybridoma

  - hybridoma produces large amounts of identical antibody molecules
• what is it called when you fuse a mouse b- lymphocyte with a tumour cell?


  a hybridoma
• why are monoclonal antibodies specific to a cell?


  they are produced from lots of clones of single white blood cell so all antibodies are identical.
• What are B lymphocytes?

  type of white blood cell
• what are monoclonal antibodies?

  Antibodies produced from a single group of genetically identical B-cells