Cellular respiration

• During the Krebs cycle, acetyl-CoA is oxidized to produce ATP, NADH, FADH2, and carbon dioxide.
• Cellular respiration occurs in three stages: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation (Krebs cycle), and electron transport chain.
• ATP synthase uses energy released by protons moving across the membrane to synthesize ATP.
• The pyruvate molecules are then converted into lactate or acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide through anaerobic respiration, or used in the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain through aerobic respiration.
• Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen.
• Glycolysis breaks down one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH.
• The electron transport chain is the final stage of cellular respiration, where electrons are passed from one carrier molecule to another.
• Glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration and occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.
• The electron transport chain involves the transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen, producing water as a waste product.
• Pyruvate oxidation involves the conversion of pyruvic acid into acetic acid through the Krebs cycle.
• The final stage of cellular respiration is the electron transport chain, which generates most of the energy used by cells.
• Glycolysis produces two molecules of pyruvic acid per glucose molecule.
• Pyruvate oxidation and electron transport chain occur in mitochondria and require oxygen.
• Glycolysis produces two ATP molecules per glucose molecule, while the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain generate more than 30 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
• Pyruvate Oxidation involves the conversion of pyruvate into Acetyl Coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) and the production of NADH.
• Glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate during glycolysis.
• Pyruvate enters the mitochondria and undergoes decarboxylation to form Acetyl CoA.
• Pyruvic acid can be converted into lactic acid or ethanol through fermentation if there is not enough oxygen available.
• Gluconeogenesis is the process of converting noncarbohydrates into carbohydrates, such as glucose from amino acids or fatty acids.
• Electron Transport Chain takes place on the inner mitochondrial membrane and produces most of the cell's ATP.
• Each pyruvate molecule enters the mitochondrion and undergoes decarboxylation to form Acetyl CoA.
• In glycolysis, glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate with the production of ATP and NADH.
• Lipolysis is the breakdown of lipids into glycerol and fatty acids.
• Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid, which goes through several reactions to produce more NADH and FADH2.
• What is the boundary of the cell called?

  Cell membrane
• What is the cell membrane primarily made of?

  Phospholipid bilayer
• What is the function of channel proteins in the cell membrane?

  Control movement of substances into the cell

  
• What is another name for the plasma membrane?

  Lipid bilayer
• What does the nucleolus do?

  Makes ribosomes
• What is the role of the nucleus in a cell?

  Control center containing genetic information

  
• What is DNA composed of?

  Chromosomes
• What is the function of cytoplasm?

  Viscous fluid containing organelles

  
• What are the components of cytoplasm?

  Interconnected filaments, cytosol, organelles

  
• What is the cytoskeleton made of?

  Three fiber types: microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments

  
• What are the three functions of the cytoskeleton?

  Mechanical support, anchor organelles, move substances
• What is a ribosome?

  No membrane, factories for proteins
• What is the role of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)?

  Prepares proteins for export

  
• What distinguishes the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) from the RER?

  No ribosomes attached

  
• What is the function of a vesicle?

  Store and transport substances
• What does the Golgi apparatus do?

  Process, package, and modify macromolecules