SAC 1a - Glossary Terms Preparation

• What is YLD (years lost due to a disability)?


  A measure of how many healthy years of life are lost due to disease, injury or disability
• What is Years of life lost (YLL)?


  A measure of how many years of expected life are lost due to premature death
• What is Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY)?

  A measure of burden of disease. One DALY equals one year of healthy life lost due to illness and/or death. DALYs are calculated as the sum of the years of life lost due to premature death and the years lived with disability for people living with the health condition or its consequence.
• What is Burden of Disease?

  A measure of the impact of diseases and injuries, specifically it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability. It is measured in a unit called DALY (Disability adjusted life year).
• What is prevalence?

  The total number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time.
• What is incidence?


  refers to the number (or rate) of new cases of a disease/condition in a population during a given period.
• What is morbidity?

  Ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a population or group (often expressed through incidence and prevalence).
• What is maternal mortality?

  Death of a mother during pregnancy, childbirth or within six weeks of delivery.
• What is maternal mortality ratio?

  The number of mothers who die as a result of pregnancy, childbirth or associated treatment per 100,000 women who give birth.
• What is Under 5 Mortality Rate (U5MR)?


  The number of deaths of children under five years of age per 1000 live birthdays.
• What is infant mortality rate?

  the rate of deaths of infants before their first birthday, usually expressed per 1000 live births.
• What is mortality rate?

  The measure of proportion of a population who die in a one-year period (usually per 100,000).
• What is mortality?

  The number of deaths in a population in a given period.
• What is life expectancy?

  the number of years of life, on average, remaining to an individual at a particular age if death rates do not change.
• What is Health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE)?


  The average length of time an individual at a specific age can expect to live in full health; that is, time lived without the health consequences of disease or injury.
• What is Self-assessed health status?

  An individual's own opinion about how they feel about their health, their state of mind and their life in general.
• What is a trend?

  A trend is a general change or movement in a particular direction.
• Explain why the World Health Organisation considers health to be a resource, not the object of living. Provide an example with your response.

  Health is considered to be more than just an abstract state or condition of the physical body. Being healthy is important as a resource, in order to allow a person to lead a socially and economically productive life using their social and personal resources as well as their physical capabilities. For example, a healthy person is able to participate in society by working, caring for themselves and their family and developing their skills. The object of living should be for positive human development, for the individual, community and globally.
• Explain how social justice and equity are both necessary for health for all

  Social justice means that the rights of all people in a community are considered in a fair manner and equity is concerned with making sure that the outcomes are fair. Social justice and equity are necessary for all, since everyone has equal rights to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, despite social and economic disadvantages that may make that attainment difficult.
• What is equity and how does it promote health and wellbeing?

  Equity relates to fairness. It is about ensuring every person can access the resources they need to lead a good life and experience a high level of health and wellbeing. Equity includes taking unfair circumstances into account, so that those who are disadvantaged are given the opportunity to participate in life on a level playing field.
• What is social justice and how does it promote health and wellbeing?

  Social justice can be defined in a number of ways, but the common underlying theme is equal rights for all, regardless of personal traits such as sex, class and income, ethnicity, religion, age or sexual orientation. Social justice means that all people are treated fairly, in both their private and public life. Social justice includes economic justice, a key aspect of which includes the ability of all people to earn a decent wage and build material wealth.
• What are sustainable resources and how does it promote health and wellbeing?

  Sustainability is defined by the United Nations as 'meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.' Sustainable resources therefore relate to ensuring that the resources used to promote health and wellbeing in the present are available for future generations, so they too can experience a good quality of life.
• What is a stable ecosystem and how does it promote health and wellbeing?

  A stable ecosystem occurs when balance is achieved between the environment and the species that live in an environment For governments, adequate income allows the provision of services such as public healthcare. Stability indicates that all living things are having their needs for food, water, shelter and reproduction met without causing detrimental effects to the natural environment. Every ecosystem will experience fluctuations in the balance or stability that it experiences, but changes should not be too pronounced to ensure stability is preserved
• What is income and how does it promote health and wellbeing?

  Income is an underlying factor for many health and wellbeing outcomes. From an individual perspective, income increases the ability to afford resources such as healthcare, recreation, transport and education. From a population perspective, income increases the capacity of governments to provide social services and resources such as public housing, education, and healthcare; social security; infrastructure; recreation facilities such as parks and gardens; and law and order
• What is food and how does it promote health and wellbeing?

  Adequate food intake is both an essential requirement for life and a basic human right. 'The state in which all persons obtain nutritionally adequate, culturally appropriate, safe food regularly through local non-emergency sources' (VicHealth) is referred to as food security. Food security enhances physical health and wellbeing as it increases the ability of individuals to consume the required nutrients, which is important for the functioning of the human body. It provides the energy required for individuals to complete daily tasks and reduces the risk of undernutrition. Some of the nutrients in food are important for increasing immunity to disease. With food security, individuals spend less time looking for food and are less likely to experience stress because they know there is food available.
• What is education and how does it promote health and wellbeing?

  Education impacts health and wellbeing in numerous ways. Education empowers individuals and increases their ability to earn an income, understand health promotion messages, exhibit healthy behaviours, and find meaning and purpose in life
• What is shelter and how does it promote health and wellbeing?


  Shelter describes a structure that provides protection from the outside environment. Adequate shelter is a basic human right and provides a number of benefits to health and wellbeing. These include protection from the elements, privacy, safety and security, reduced risk of disease, reduced stress and anxiety, ability to focus on employment or education, and more time to pursue a purposeful and meaningful life.
• What is Peace and how does it promote health and wellbeing?

  Peace can be defined as the absence of conflict. When a community or country is experiencing peace, there is a decreased risk of premature death, serious injury, disability and other adverse effects that are usually associated with conflict.
• What are the the 9 prerequisites of health under the Ottawa Charter?

  The prerequisites of health under the Ottawa Charter :

  1. Peace

  2. Shelter

  3. Education

  4. Food

  5. Income

  6. A stable ecosystem

  7. Sustainable resources

  8. Social justice

  9. Equity
• What is the Ottawas Charter?

  The Ottawa Charter identifies speicific prerequisites or basic conditions and resources that must be available if any gains in health and wellbeing are to occur. Identifying prerequisites assists governments and other groups that work towards providing all people with the basic necessities for a decent life.
• Why is health and wellbeing important for the world?

  Health and wellbeing is important for the world because of :

  1. Reduces risk of disease transmission between countries

  2. Assists in promoting peace and stability

  3. Promotes economic development

  4. Promotes social development

  5. Promotes sustainability
• Why is health and wellbeing important nationally?

  Health and wellbeing is important at the nation level because of :

  1. Longer, healthier lives

  2. Health system savings

  3. Fewer people relying on social security

  4. Increased productivity

  5. Higher average incomes

  6. Reduced stress and anxiety in the community

  7. Increased social participation
• Why is health and wellbeing important for individuals?

  Health and wellbeing is important for individuals because :

  1. Working productively

  2. Reduced healthcare costs

  3. Gaining an education

  4. Earning an income

  5. Exercising

  6. Effectively run a household (e.g. shopping, cleaning, caring for children)

  7. Spending time with friends

  8. Working towards their purpose in life

  9. Increase leisure time

  10. Live independently

  11. Sleep well
• How does spiritual health and wellbeing influence emotional health and wellbeing?

  If a person acts according to their values and beliefs, they may feel more comfortable with the emotions they experience throughout life.
• How does spiritual health and wellbeing influence mental health and wellbeing?

  Believe that life has a positive meaning and purpose can enhance self-esteem and a sense of optimism.
• How does spiritual health and wellbeing influence social health and wellbeing?

  If an individual feels connected to society, they are more likely to treat people fairly, which can enhance relationships.
• How does spiritual health and wellbeing influence physical health and wellbeing?

  When an individual has a purpose in life, they are more likely to take care of themselves physically so they can fulfil their purpose. This can promote a healthy body weight.
• How does emotional health and wellbeing influence spiritual health and wellbeing?

  Experiencing appropriate emotions (both positive and negative) can assist a person feeling connected to their world and the events that occur in it.
• How does emotional health and wellbeing influence mental health and wellbeing?

  If an individual can process emotions effectively, they may feel better about themselves, which enhances self-esteem
• How does emotional health and wellbeing influence social health and wellbeing?

  An individual who can express their emotions can share their feelings with friends, which can promote more meaningful friendships.