Attachment

• Separation anxiety


  sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from the caregiver
• Stanger anxiety


  if closely attached child will show anxiety when stranger approaches
• Exploration and secure base behaviour


  good attachment enable child to feel comfortable to explore, using their care giver as a secure base it a point of contact that will make them feel safe
• proximity seeking


  an infant with a good attachment will stay close to the care giver
• mental retardation


  low IQ . Like emotional development, damage to intellectual development as a result of institutionalisation can be recovered provided adoption takes place before the age of 6 moths
• affects of attachment on friendship

  Securely attached infants go on to form the better quality of friendship whereas insecurely attached usually go on to have friend difficulties ( Kerns 1994)
• if insecure resistant as child when an adult you...

  will be controlling and argumentative
• childhood relationships

  affiliations with other people in childhood, including friends and classmates and with adults such as teachers
• intellectually development for maternally deprived children

  low IQ. Goldfarb 1947 children who had remained in institutions had a lower IQ than those fostered as they had a higher standard of emotional care
• critical period for maternal deprivation

  30 months. If the child is deprived of mother's emotional care for an extended period during the critical period the child will have psychological damage.
• Deprivation


  infants losing an element of care. Prolonged separation can lead to privation
• Separation


  a child not being in the presence of a primary attachment figure
• Bowlby's maternal deprivation theory


  Mother love in infancy is as important in mental health as vitamins and proteins are for physical health. Being separated from a mother in childhood can lead to serious consequences
• Collectivist culture


  Collectivist cultures are more concerned with the group or community than themselves. Their decisions tend to be based on what is good for their family or community than themselves e.g. japan
• individualistic culture

  Individualistic cultures are concerned with themselves and support independence e.g. USA and Germany
• meta-analysis


  Meta-analysis looks at and analyses data that's already been carried out (secondary data)
• culture


  Culture is a group of people tat share the same norms and values
• Ethnocentrism


  is the tendency to believe that one's ethnic or cultural group is centrally important and that all other groups are measure in relation to one's own.
• type c attachment

  resistant attachment (3% of British toddlers)-seek greater proximity and so explore less. Huge stranger and separation anxiety but resist comfort when reunited with their carer.
• critical period


  around two years when the infant attachment system is active and if it is not formed in this time they will find it difficult to form one later
• The law of accumulation separation


  the effects of every separation from the mother add up and therefore the safest dose is the zero dose.
• learning theory


  behaviourist approach that emphasises the role of learning in the acquisition of behaviour e.g. classical and operant conditioning.
• Maternally deprived monkeys as adults (Harlow)


  Harlow followed the monkeys into adult hood to see if the effects of not having a real mother, being maternally deprived had any permanent effects. The researchers found sever consequences. The monkeys reared by only the wire mother were the most dysfunctional even those reared with the cloth mother did not develop normal social behaviour. They were more aggressive less sociable and bred less often than other monkeys (as they were unskilled at mating). As mothers the deprived monkeys neglected their children and sometimes attacked their children even killing them
• what is the importance of comfort contact

  Harlow observed that new-born kept alone in a bare cage usually died but survived if they had something soft like a cloth
• Role of the father

  Grossman carried out longitude study looking at both parents behaviour and attachment with child until their teens. The attachment with the mother was related to the child's attachment during adolescent suggesting the father is less important . however, the quality of the fathers play with the child was related to their quality of attachment suggesting the fathers role is more to do with play and stimulation rather than nurture.